xIoTz | Managed Cyber Assurance Platform

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y

Z

access control – Access control refers to the process of granting or denying specific requests to access a computer system, network, or other resources. The goal of access control is to ensure that only authorized individuals are able to access sensitive information and systems, and that unauthorized access is prevented. 

authentication – Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of a user, device, or system, to grant access to a resource or system. This is typically accomplished by requiring a password, a security token, or biometric data. The goal of authentication is to ensure that only authorized entities are able to access resources and systems, and to prevent unauthorized access.

access – Access refers to the ability to enter, utilize, or view a particular resource, system, or data. Access is typically controlled by an administrator or a security system, which regulates who is able to enter and use the resource. The level of access granted to an individual may vary, from full access to view and modify data, to limited access for viewing only.

access and identity management – Access and identity management (AIM) is a set of processes, technologies, and policies that enable an organization to manage who has access to its resources and data, and to ensure that only authorized individuals are able to access sensitive information. AIM systems are designed to control and manage the end-to-end lifecycle of user identities and access rights, including user registration, authentication, authorization, and account management. The goal of AIM is to provide a secure and efficient way to manage user identities and access to resources, while also meeting compliance requirements and reducing the risk of security breaches.

access control mechanism –An access control mechanism is a system or set of rules and procedures that determine who is able to access specific resources or information and under what conditions. Access control mechanisms are used to enforce access policies and ensure that only authorized individuals are able to access sensitive information and systems.

active attack –An active attack is a type of cyberattack in which an attacker actively manipulates or interferes with a system or network in order to compromise its security. Unlike passive attacks, which simply observe or monitor the target system, active attacks actively modify or interfere with the target system in order to achieve the attacker’s goals.

active content –Active content refers to any type of digital content that is capable of executing or running code, as opposed to passive content, which simply displays information without executing code. Active content is often used to create dynamic and interactive web content, such as online games, animations, and other types of multimedia content.

adversary – An adversary is a person, group, or entity that intends to cause harm or disruption to an individual, organization, or system. Adversaries are often referred to as attackers or threats and can range from individuals with malicious intent to state-sponsored organizations. In the context of cybersecurity, an adversary is someone who seeks to exploit vulnerabilities in a system or network in order to gain unauthorized access or cause harm. Adversaries can employ a variety of tactics, such as phishing attacks, malware infections, and network penetration, in order to achieve their goals. Understanding the motivations and capabilities of adversaries is an important aspect of cybersecurity, as it allows organizations to develop effective defense strategies and protect themselves against potential attacks.

air gap – An air gap is a physical security measure used to separate a computer or network from other systems and networks in order to reduce the risk of cyberattacks. The term “air gap” refers to the fact that there is no direct connection between the isolated system and other networks, making it more difficult for an attacker to access the system or steal data. Air gaps are used in situations where the security of sensitive information is of the highest importance, such as in military or financial institutions.

alert –An alert is a message or notification indicating that an event or condition of interest has occurred. In the context of computer security, alerts are used to notify administrators or users about potential security threats, such as network intrusions, malware infections, or unauthorized access attempts. Alerts can be generated by security software, such as antivirus programs, intrusion detection systems, or firewalls, or by manual monitoring of logs and events.

allowlist – An allowlist, also known as a whitelist, is a list of approved or allowed items, such as IP addresses, email addresses, or software programs. In the context of computer security, an allowlist is used as a security measure to specify which entities or resources are authorized to access a system or network, and to block all other access attempts.

all source intelligence – All-source intelligence refers to the integration and analysis of information from multiple sources in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of a particular issue or situation. In the context of military and national security, all-source intelligence refers to the collection and analysis of information from a wide range of sources, including human intelligence (HUMINT), signals intelligence (SIGINT), imagery intelligence (IMINT), open-source intelligence (OSINT), and other forms of intelligence.

analyze  – analyze means to examine something systematically and in detail, often in order to understand its nature, cause, or significance. The process of analysis involves breaking down a complex system or object into its component parts and studying each part in order to understand how it contributes to the whole.

antispyware software –Antispyware software is a type of computer security software that is designed to protect against spyware, which is a type of malicious software that is used to gather sensitive information from a computer system without the user’s knowledge or consent. Antispyware software works by scanning a computer’s files and registry for known spyware, and by blocking the installation of new spyware.

antivirus software – Antivirus software is a type of computer security software that is designed to protect against viruses, which are malicious software programs that can cause harm to a computer system. Antivirus software works by scanning a computer’s files and system for known viruses, and by blocking the execution of any viruses that are detected.

Antivirus software typically includes features such as real-time scanning, the ability to update virus definitions, and the ability to schedule periodic scans of the computer system. Some antivirus software also includes additional security features, such as firewall protection, spam filtering, and parental controls.

asset –An asset is a resource that has value and is owned by an individual, organization, or government. Assets can take many forms, including physical objects, financial investments, intellectual property, or intangible assets like reputation or brand value.

asymmetric cryptography –Asymmetric cryptography, also known as public-key cryptography, is a type of encryption method that uses two different keys, one for encryption and one for decryption. This is in contrast to symmetric cryptography, which uses the same key for both encryption and decryption.

 

attack –An attack is an intentional act that seeks to cause harm to a system, individual, or organization. In the context of computer security, an attack refers to any attempt to exploit vulnerabilities in a computer system, network, or application to cause harm, steal sensitive information, or disrupt normal operations.

attack method – An attack method refers to a specific technique used by an attacker to carry out a security breach or exploit vulnerabilities in a system, network, or application. Attack methods vary in sophistication, but they all involve finding and exploiting weaknesses in a target in order to achieve a specific goal.

Some common attack methods include:

  1. Brute force attack: An attack that involves trying every possible combination of characters or inputs in order to gain access to a system.

  2. Man-in-the-middle attack: An attack where the attacker intercepts and manipulates communications between two parties.

  3. SQL injection: An attack that involves injecting malicious code into a database in order to steal or manipulate data.

  4. Cross-site scripting (XSS): An attack that involves injecting malicious code into a website in order to execute scripts in the browser of unsuspecting users.

  5. Denial of Service (DoS) attack: An attack that involves overwhelming a system with traffic in order to make it unavailable to users.

It’s important to regularly update systems and applications, use strong passwords and security measures, and monitor networks and systems for suspicious activity in order to prevent and defend against attack methods.

attack mode – Attack mode refers to the way an attacker approaches a target to carry out a security breach. Attack modes can be either passive or active.

  1. Passive attack mode: This type of attack mode involves the attacker observing and collecting information about the target without altering the target or its operation. Examples of passive attacks include eavesdropping, traffic analysis, and network sniffing.

  2. Active attack mode: This type of attack mode involves the attacker actively manipulating or altering the target in order to carry out a security breach. Examples of active attacks include denial of service (DoS) attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, and injection attacks.

In general, active attacks are more aggressive and disruptive than passive attacks, but they also carry a higher risk of detection and retaliation. The choice of attack mode depends on the attacker’s goals, resources, and level of risk tolerance.

attack path –An attack path refers to the sequence of steps that an attacker takes in order to carry out a security breach. An attack path often begins with the attacker gaining initial access to a target, such as a system, network, or application, and then progresses through a series of steps until the attacker achieves their ultimate goal.

attack pattern – An attack pattern refers to a common method or approach that attackers use to carry out a security breach. Attack patterns are often used in conjunction with attack methods and can help to streamline the attack process and increase the likelihood of success.

Attack patterns are typically characterized by their goals, techniques, and requirements, and they can be used to help identify and prevent security breaches. Common attack patterns include:

  1. Phishing: A type of social engineering attack that involves tricking users into providing sensitive information, such as passwords and financial information, through fake emails or websites.

  2. Man-in-the-middle (MITM): An attack where the attacker intercepts and manipulates communications between two parties.

  3. Command injection: An attack that involves injecting malicious commands into a system in order to execute arbitrary code.

  4. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): An attack that involves injecting malicious code into a website in order to execute scripts in the browser of unsuspecting users.

By understanding common attack patterns and implementing appropriate security measures, organizations can help to prevent and defend against security breaches.

attack signature –An attack signature is a unique pattern or set of characteristics that identifies a specific type of attack. Attack signatures are used in security software, such as intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDS/IPS), to detect and prevent known attacks.

An attack signature typically includes information about the type of attack, such as a network-based or application-based attack, as well as specific indicators of compromise (IOCs) that can be used to identify the attack, such as specific network traffic patterns or sequences of code.

attack surface –The attack surface of a system, network, or application refers to the total number of potential entry points that an attacker could use to launch an attack. It includes all the different ways an attacker could interact with the target, such as through a network connection, an application interface, or a physical port.

attacker – An attacker is a person, group, or entity that carries out malicious actions, such as security breaches or cyber attacks, with the intention of causing harm, stealing sensitive information, or disrupting normal operations.

Attackers can use a variety of tactics and tools, including malware, social engineering, and network exploitation, to carry out their attacks. They may target individuals, organizations, government agencies, or critical infrastructure.

authenticate –Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of a person, device, or entity in order to grant or deny access to a resource or system. The goal of authentication is to ensure that only authorized individuals or entities have access to sensitive information or systems.

authentication – Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of a person, device, or entity in order to grant or deny access to a resource or system. The goal of authentication is to ensure that only authorized individuals or entities have access to sensitive information or systems.

There are various methods of authentication, including:

  • Passwords: The most common form of authentication, where the user provides a password to verify their identity.
  • Two-factor authentication (2FA): An authentication process that requires the user to provide two pieces of information, such as a password and a code sent to their phone, to verify their identity.
  • Biometric authentication: The use of physical or behavioral characteristics, such as a fingerprint or facial recognition, to verify identity.
  • Smart cards: A form of two-factor authentication where a physical card is used in combination with a password or pin.

The type of authentication used depends on the level of security required and the type of system or resource being accessed. For example, highly sensitive systems may use multiple forms of authentication, such as a password, biometric authentication, and a smart card.

authenticity –Authenticity refers to the quality of being genuine or original. In the context of information security, authenticity refers to the validity or accuracy of the origin of a message or data, as well as the identity of the sender.

authorization – Authorization is the process of granting or denying access to a system, resource, or information based on an individual’s identity and their associated permissions or roles.

Authorization is performed after authentication, which verifies the identity of the individual or entity. The authorization process determines what actions the individual is allowed to perform, such as viewing or modifying data, executing certain functions, or accessing certain resources.

availability –Availability refers to the state of being accessible and usable when required. In the context of information technology, availability refers to the availability of computer systems, network resources, and data.

advanced persistent threat – Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) is a type of cyber attack that is targeted, prolonged, and sophisticated in nature. APTs are usually carried out by state-sponsored or well-funded groups with a specific goal in mind, such as stealing intellectual property, sensitive data, or causing disruption to the target organization.

APTs often employ a multi-stage attack strategy, where the attacker gains initial access to the target’s network and then establishes a persistent presence, from which they can conduct further reconnaissance and gather more information. The attacker may use a combination of social engineering, malware, and exploits to maintain their presence in the target’s network for an extended period of time, sometimes for months or even years, without being detected.

Access Control List (ACL) – An Access Control List (ACL) is a list of permissions that define who is allowed to access specific resources or perform certain actions on a computer system or network.

An ACL is often used to enforce access control policies, which determine what actions a user is allowed to perform on specific objects, such as files, folders, or network resources. Each entry in the ACL specifies a user or group of users and the permissions they are granted, such as read, write, or execute.

Access Control Service – Access Control Service (ACS) is a cloud-based service that provides centralized authentication and authorization for web applications and services.

ACS acts as a security broker, managing the process of authenticating users and providing secure access to protected resources. It supports multiple identity providers, including popular social identity providers like Facebook and Google, as well as enterprise identity providers like Windows Live ID and Active Directory.

Access Management –Access management refers to the processes and technologies used to control access to resources within a computer system or network. The goal of access management is to ensure that only authorized users and systems are able to access sensitive information, while preventing unauthorized access or tampering.

Access Matrix –An access matrix, also known as an access control matrix, is a mathematical representation of the permissions and access rights that users and processes have to objects within a computer system. The matrix is a table that maps subjects (e.g., users, processes, or roles) to objects (e.g., files, directories, or devices), and indicates the type of access (e.g., read, write, execute) that the subjects are allowed to perform on the objects.

Account Harvesting –Account harvesting is a type of cyberattack in which an attacker seeks to gain unauthorized access to online accounts by acquiring large amounts of login credentials, typically by using tactics such as phishing, malware infections, or data breaches. The harvested accounts are then used for malicious purposes, such as spamming, identity theft, or financial fraud.

Auditing –Auditing refers to the systematic examination of an organization’s records, processes, systems, and activities to evaluate their compliance with relevant laws, regulations, policies, and standards. In the context of computer security, auditing refers to the process of reviewing the security measures and protocols of a computer system or network in order to identify vulnerabilities and to ensure that they are operating effectively.

Asymmetric Warfare – Asymmetric warfare is a type of conflict in which one side possesses a significant advantage over the other in terms of military power, resources, and technology. The term “asymmetric” refers to the unequal distribution of power between the two sides. In an asymmetric conflict, the weaker side may use unconventional tactics, such as terrorism or guerrilla warfare, in an attempt to compensate for its disadvantages and achieve its objectives.

ARPANET –The ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) was the first operational packet switching network and the predecessor of the modern Internet. It was developed in the late 1960s by the United States Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) as a research network to explore new networking technologies.

Applet –An applet is a small, self-contained program written in Java that is designed to be executed within a web browser. Applets are typically used to add interactivity and dynamic content to web pages. They run within a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and can access the resources of the host computer, such as databases and local file systems. Applets are often used for tasks such as image manipulation, animation, and user-input processing. Unlike standalone applications, applets do not run on their own, but instead run within the context of a web page. Because of security concerns, applets are now used less frequently in favor of other technologies such as JavaScript and Flash.

Algorithm – An algorithm is a set of steps or instructions that are followed in a specific order to solve a problem or accomplish a task. Algorithms are used in computer science, mathematics, and other fields to define procedures for carrying out operations, such as sorting data, searching for information, or performing calculations. Algorithms can be expressed using various programming languages and can range from simple procedures to complex ones. They are designed to be efficient, meaning that they solve problems in a reasonable amount of time and with a reasonable amount of resources. Some well-known algorithms include the QuickSort algorithm for sorting data and the Dijkstra’s algorithm for finding the shortest path between two points in a graph.

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) – The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a symmetric encryption algorithm that is widely used for data encryption. AES was adopted by the U.S. government and is now considered a global standard for encrypting sensitive information. AES uses a fixed block size of 128 bits and can use key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits. The algorithm performs a series of transformations on the data, including substitution, permutation, and modular arithmetic operations, to encrypt the data and secure it from unauthorized access. AES is widely used in a variety of applications, including VPNs, disk encryption, and secure communications protocols, due to its speed, efficiency, and strong security features.

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) – Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol used in computer networking to map an IP address to a physical address, such as a MAC address. ARP operates at the Data Link Layer of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model and is used to translate an IP address to a physical address in order to send data over a network. ARP maintains a cache (also known as ARP table) of mappings, which helps to reduce the number of ARP broadcasts and improve the efficiency of IP-to-physical address resolution. ARP can also be used to resolve the physical address of another device on the same network or to discover the physical address of a device by sending an ARP request.

Activity Monitors –Activity monitors, also known as fitness trackers, are wearable devices that track and record a person’s physical activity and exercise patterns. These devices typically measure metrics such as steps taken, distance traveled, calories burned, heart rate, and sleep quality. Some activity monitors also include additional features such as GPS tracking, text and call notifications, and music control. The goal of activity monitors is to help users better understand their physical activity levels, set and achieve fitness goals, and track progress over time. The data collected by activity monitors can be viewed and analyzed using companion smartphone apps or desktop software.

ACK Piggybacking –ACK piggybacking is a technique in computer networking used to increase the efficiency of data transmission by combining multiple acknowledgements (ACKs) into a single packet. In this method, multiple ACKs for different data packets are bundled together into a single packet and transmitted to the sender, reducing the number of packets sent over the network and increasing the overall throughput. This technique is commonly used in TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) to acknowledge the receipt of data packets and ensure reliable delivery.

B

behavior monitoring – Behavior monitoring is a security technique that involves the continuous monitoring and analysis of system or network activity for unusual or malicious behavior.

The goal of behavior monitoring is to detect security incidents and potential threats in real-time, such as malware infections, unauthorized access attempts, or network intrusions. It works by establishing a baseline of normal behavior for a system or network, and then using this baseline to detect deviations from normal activity that may indicate an attack or compromise.

blocklist – A blocklist is a list of IP addresses, URLs, or other identifiers that have been deemed harmful or malicious and are blocked from accessing a system or network.

Blocklists are often used in cybersecurity to prevent access to known sources of malware, phishing sites, and other types of malicious content. They can be maintained by security organizations, individuals, or software companies, and can be updated in real-time as new threats are discovered.

blue Team –A blue team is a group of security experts responsible for protecting an organization’s information systems and networks. The term “blue” is used to distinguish this team from the “red team,” which simulates the actions of an attacker to test the security of an organization.

bot –A bot is a software program designed to perform automated tasks. In the context of cybersecurity, bots can refer to both benign and malicious programs.

Good bots are used for legitimate purposes, such as web indexing, online shopping, or social media scraping. They automate repetitive tasks and improve the efficiency of online activities.

On the other hand, malicious bots, often referred to as “bots,” are used for cyberattacks. They can be used for various malicious purposes, such as DDoS attacks, spamming, and data theft. Malicious bots can be controlled by a single attacker or by a botnet, a network of compromised devices that are controlled remotely to perform malicious activities.

bot herder –A bot herder is an individual or organization that controls and manages a botnet, a network of compromised devices that are controlled remotely to perform malicious activities. Bot herders use these networks for a variety of purposes, including DDoS attacks, spamming, and data theft.

bot master –The term “bot master” is sometimes used to describe the person or group behind a botnet, a network of compromised devices that are controlled remotely to perform malicious activities. Bot masters use these networks for a variety of purposes, including DDoS attacks, spamming, and data theft.

bot master –The term “bot master” is sometimes used to describe the person or group behind a botnet, a network of compromised devices that are controlled remotely to perform malicious activities. Bot masters use these networks for a variety of purposes, including DDoS attacks, spamming, and data theft.

botnet-A botnet is a network of compromised devices, including computers, servers, and internet-connected devices, that are controlled remotely by a single individual or group for malicious purposes. Botnets are used for a variety of cybercrimes, including DDoS (distributed denial of service) attacks, spamming, and data theft.

bug-A bug is an error, flaw, failure, or fault in a software program or hardware device that causes it to behave in unintended ways. Bugs can have a range of impacts, from minor annoyances to major security vulnerabilities. In software development, bugs can arise from a variety of sources, including coding errors, design flaws, and compatibility issues.

 

build security in – Build Security In (BSI) refers to the practice of integrating security considerations into the software development process from the very beginning. This approach emphasizes the importance of considering security as a critical aspect of the software design, development, and deployment phases, rather than treating it as an afterthought.

 

C

cyber security –  Cybersecurity refers to the practice of protecting internet-connected systems, including hardware, software, and data, from attack, damage, or unauthorized access. It involves the use of various technologies, processes, and practices to secure computer networks, data, and devices from cyber threats such as hacking, viruses, malware, and other forms of cybercrime.

The goal of cybersecurity is to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information and resources stored and transmitted over computer networks. This includes protecting against threats such as identity theft, financial fraud, data breaches, and attacks on critical infrastructure systems.

Effective cybersecurity requires a combination of technical measures, such as firewalls, encryption, and antivirus software, as well as policy and procedural measures, such as regular software updates, employee training, and incident response plans.

cyberspace –Cyberspace refers to the virtual world created by the interconnected network of computers, servers, and other digital devices that form the Internet. It’s a term used to describe the online environment where people can communicate, collaborate, transact, and access information and resources. The term was first used in the 1980s by science fiction writer William Gibson and has since become an integral part of our daily lives. However, cyberspace also presents various challenges and risks, such as cyber attacks, cybercrime, and online privacy concerns.

cyber –Cyber is a prefix that refers to technology and the digital world. It is often used in the context of security and refers to the protection of internet-connected systems, including hardware, software, and data, from theft, damage, or unauthorized access. For example, the term “cybersecurity” refers to the measures and techniques used to secure the digital world, while “cybercrime” refers to criminal activities that take place in cyberspace. The prefix has become ubiquitous in the age of digitalization and the internet, and is used to describe a wide range of topics, including technology, business, and social issues.

cyber security business –The cyber security business refers to the industry that provides products and services aimed at protecting individuals, organizations, and governments from cyber threats. This can include a range of offerings such as software and hardware products, consulting services, and managed security services.

cyber awareness –Cyber awareness refers to the understanding of the potential threats and vulnerabilities in the digital world, as well as the knowledge and skills necessary to mitigate those risks. This can include a range of topics such as online privacy, cybercrime, social engineering, and safe online practices. Cyber awareness is crucial for both individuals and organizations, as the use of technology continues to increase in all aspects of life

computer security –Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, is the practice of protecting computers, servers, networks, and data from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction. It involves a combination of technologies, processes, and policies to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information systems. The goal of computer security is to prevent data breaches, hacking attacks, malware infections, and other types of cybercrime.

cyber killchain –The Cyber Kill Chain is a cybersecurity framework that provides a comprehensive overview of the steps involved in a successful cyber attack. It is used to help organizations understand the different stages of an attack and implement appropriate measures to prevent it from happening or to mitigate the damage if it does.

cyber threats – Cyber threats refer to malicious attacks or harmful events that aim to damage, disrupt or exploit computer systems, networks, devices, and data. They can range from simple hacking attempts to more sophisticated and organized cyber attacks, such as malware infections, phishing scams, ransomware attacks, and advanced persistent threats. These cyber threats can cause harm to individuals, organizations, and even entire nations, leading to loss of data, financial damage, and reputation harm.

cybersecurity awareness month-Cybersecurity Awareness Month (CSAM) is an annual event observed globally in the month of October. The purpose of this event is to raise awareness about the importance of cybersecurity and to educate individuals and organizations about ways to protect themselves and their assets online.

cyber hunt –Cyber hunt is a proactive cyber security activity aimed at identifying and mitigating potential cyber threats. It involves a combination of techniques such as scanning, monitoring, and testing to identify vulnerabilities and risks within an organization’s IT infrastructure. The goal of cyber hunting is to detect and respond to threats in a timely manner to minimize the potential impact of a cyber-attack on the organization’s operations and assets.

cyber security online –Cyber security online refers to the measures and techniques used to protect against cyber attacks, threats, and vulnerabilities in the online environment. It encompasses the protection of computer systems, networks, and data from unauthorized access, theft, or damage. This includes firewalls, encryption, access control, and incident response, among others. The increasing use of digital devices and online services has made cybersecurity a critical issue for individuals, businesses, and governments.

cyberpatriot –CyberPatriot is a national youth cyber education program in the United States that aims to inspire K-12 students toward careers in cybersecurity and other science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. The program consists of a series of online and in-person cybersecurity competitions, where teams of students work to identify and remediate security vulnerabilities in simulated network environments. CyberPatriot is sponsored by the Air Force Association (AFA), a non-profit organization that supports the US Air Force and its related programs.

cyber awareness army –Cyber Awareness Army refers to a program aimed at educating and increasing awareness about cybersecurity among the members of the United States Army. This program aims to educate and train military personnel to better understand the risks associated with online activities, as well as provide tips and techniques for staying safe online. The Cyber Awareness Army program includes regular training, awareness campaigns, and drills to ensure that all personnel are up-to-date on the latest cyber threats and best practices for protecting themselves and their organizations.

cyber security threats –Cyber security threats refer to any harmful or malicious attacks or activities aimed at disrupting, damaging, or exploiting computer systems, networks, and information stored on them. These threats can include viruses, worms, malware, phishing, ransomware, DDoS attacks, hacking, and exploitation of software vulnerabilities, among others. The severity and impact of cyber threats are constantly evolving and can result in loss of data, financial harm, reputation damage, and even national security risks.

cyber week –Cyber Week refers to a week dedicated to promoting cybersecurity awareness and education. It is often marked with events and activities aimed at educating individuals and organizations about the latest cybersecurity threats and best practices for protecting against these threats. During Cyber Week, organizations and experts from the cybersecurity industry share their insights, provide training sessions and workshops, and raise awareness about the importance of cybersecurity.

cyber security services –Cyber security services refer to a range of services offered by companies and organizations to help protect individuals, businesses and government entities from cyber threats such as hacking, malware, and data breaches. These services may include threat intelligence, vulnerability assessment and management, penetration testing, incident response, security information and event management (SIEM), and identity and access management. The goal of these services is to secure digital assets and prevent unauthorized access or malicious activity in cyberspace.

cybersecurity risk management –Cybersecurity risk management is the process of identifying, assessing, and prioritizing potential risks to an organization’s information technology (IT) systems and data, and implementing strategies to mitigate those risks. This includes developing and implementing security policies, procedures, and technologies to prevent or minimize the impact of cyber attacks, data breaches, and other security incidents. Effective cybersecurity risk management involves continuous monitoring and evaluation of the organization’s security posture to adapt to new threats and changing technology environments.

Cyber Risk Index –The Cyber Risk Index (CRI) is a metric used to measure the level of risk posed to an organization by cyber threats. The CRI provides an overview of the current risk landscape, the likelihood of a breach, and the potential impact of a breach on the organization’s assets. The CRI is typically calculated using a combination of quantitative and qualitative data from various sources, such as security intelligence, vulnerability assessments, and threat assessments. The goal of the CRI is to help organizations prioritize their cybersecurity investments and efforts based on their risk profile.

Cyber Safey –Cyber safety refers to the measures taken to ensure the safety of computer systems, networks, and individuals using them, from cyber threats and attacks, such as viruses, malware, hacking, phishing, etc. This includes implementing technical and non-technical measures, such as firewalls, encryption, password protection, security software, awareness training, and risk management procedures. The goal is to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information and systems.

Cyber Assurance –Cyber Assurance refers to the level of confidence in the security, reliability, and availability of an organization’s information systems and their ability to protect against potential cyber threats and attacks. This is achieved through a continuous process of planning, implementation, assessment, and improvement of an organization’s cybersecurity measures and protocols. Cyber Assurance helps organizations ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of their information systems and data.

Cyber Compliance –Cyber Compliance is the process of making sure that an organization’s technological systems, procedures, and practises comply with all applicable legal and regulatory standards. This entails abiding by industry norms, recommendations, and rules for safeguarding private data and preserving its confidentiality, integrity, and accessibility. By reducing the risk of cyber-attacks, data breaches, and other cyber-threats, organisations can avoid harm to their reputation and financial stability.

Cyber Resilience –Cyber resilience is the capacity of a system or organisation to foresee, withstand, and recover from security crises such as natural disasters, cyberattacks, or other security incidents that could interfere with daily operations. Risk management, business continuity planning, disaster recovery, and incident response are some of the features it includes. The goal of cyber resilience is to lessen the harm done by security incidents and to make sure that a business can carry on even in the face of unfavourable circumstances.

capability –A capability in the context of cybersecurity is the capacity of an organisation, system, or device to successfully carry out a particular security-related task or function, such as identifying and countering cyberthreats, safeguarding sensitive data, or guaranteeing compliance with relevant laws and standards. A strong cybersecurity capacity can improve an organization’s overall security posture by assisting in the prevention and response to security issues.

cipher –An algorithm that encrypts and decrypts communications is known as a cypher. To safeguard the secrecy and integrity of the data, encryption converts plain text into cypher text, while decryption converts the cypher text back into the original plain text. There are many different kinds of cyphers, including block cyphers, stream cyphers, symmetric-key cyphers, and others.

cloud computing –In order to provide quicker innovation, adaptable resources, and scale economies, cloud computing refers to the supply of computer services over the Internet (“the cloud”), including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence. Users can use technology resources whenever they need them without having to buy and maintain gear and infrastructure.

collect & operate –The phrase “collect and operate” refers to the process of gathering data or information and using that data or information to conduct operations or take particular actions. This phrase is frequently used in relation to information technology and cybersecurity, as businesses gather and analyse data in order to spot potential dangers and take preventative action.

collection operations –For the purpose of analysis and decision-making, collection operations refer to the gathering and processing of information or data from multiple sources. The gathering of information from digital sources like the internet, social media, or other computer networks may involve the employment of a variety of tools and procedures during collecting operations in the context of intelligence or cyber security. The objective of these operations is to supply decision-makers with the data they require in order to respond intelligently to diverse risks and problems.

computer network defense –The term “computer network defence” (CND) refers to the procedures and methods used to safeguard, keep an eye on, and react to unapproved activity within a company’s network and information systems. In addition to reactive efforts to contain, look into, and recover from security breaches, this also involves preventive actions to stop attacks and incidents. The purpose of CND is to protect the privacy and confidentiality of sensitive data while maintaining the accessibility, confidentiality, and integrity of an organization’s information and systems. It covers several different disciplines, including, among others, digital forensics, incident response, and intrusion detection..

computer network defense analysis –Computer security experts utilise a method called computer network defence analysis to evaluate a computer network’s security posture, identify potential security threats, and suggest countermeasures. To detect vulnerabilities, evaluate risk, and offer suggestions for increasing the network’s security, the process entails performing a complete examination of the network infrastructure, devices, and traffic. Data breaches, malware infections, and other harmful activities are among the security occurrences that computer network defence analysis aims to prevent or reduce damage from.

computer network defense infrastructure support –The term “computer network defence infrastructure support” (CND-IS) refers to the procedures and operations that help maintain the technological framework needed to safeguard the networks and information systems of an organisation. To guarantee that systems and networks are secure, this entails putting in place and maintaining network security tools like firewalls and intrusion detection systems as well as designing and monitoring security rules and procedures. Additionally, CND-IS entails responding to security-related occurrences and offering technical assistance to businesses so they can recover from security breaches.

 

computer security incident –A violation of computer security policies, acceptable usage guidelines, or common security procedures, or the imminent prospect of a violation, is referred to as a computer security incident. It could involve harmful conduct that threatens the information technology infrastructure of a business, such as illegal access to or misuse of sensitive data, harmed hardware or software, and other kinds of malicious action. The purpose of computer security incident response is to lessen the effects of incidents, quickly return to regular operations, and learn from the experience to avoid similar occurrences in the future.

confidentiality –The term “confidentiality” describes the safeguarding of private information from unwanted disclosure. Only those with the proper authorization can access sensitive information thanks to confidentiality. A fundamental component of cybersecurity is confidentiality, which is essential for the protection of sensitive data like personal information, business secrets, and intellectual property. There are many ways to maintain confidentiality, including access limits, encryption, and security rules.

 

Cyber Assets –Any digital or virtual resource, information, or item that is valuable and needs to be protected is referred to as a “cyber asset.” Data, software, hardware, intellectual property, networks, systems, and infrastructure that support the handling, storing, and transfer of delicate and priceless information may all fall under this category. Cyber asset protection aims to safeguard these assets’ availability, confidentiality, and integrity while preventing illegal access, misuse, and theft.

 

D

digital security – Measures taken to safeguard and protect digital devices, networks, and data from illegal access, use, disclosure, interruption, alteration, or destruction are referred to as digital security. The use of encryption, firewalls, access controls, and other security technologies may be part of these measures of hardware, software, and data protection. The purpose of digital security is to reduce the danger of unauthorised access, theft, or damage to digital assets while also ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information.

Data Loss Prevention (DLP) –A security method called data loss prevention (DLP) is used to stop sensitive information from unintentionally leaving an organisation. Monitoring, spotting, and blocking unauthorised transfers of sensitive information, including financial data, personal information, and intellectual property, are all part of this process. To recognise and safeguard sensitive information, DLP solutions combine a number of technologies, including encryption, access controls, and pattern recognition. They can be implemented as hardware, software, or a hybrid of the two.

Data encryption –To prevent unwanted access or use, plain data is transformed into a code through the process of data encryption. Data is encrypted and decrypted using mathematical techniques, rendering it unreadable without the right key. Data encryption is a crucial part of data security and cyber security since its purpose is to guarantee the confidentiality and integrity of data while it is in use or at rest.

Denial of Service (DoS) Attack –A denial of service (DoS) attack is a sort of cyberattack that tries to prevent users from accessing a computer resource or network by flooding it with a lot of traffic or requests, making it unable to respond to them quickly. A DoS attack seeks to harm the targeted system, network, or organisation by interfering with its regular operations. This can be done via taking advantage of flaws in software, hardware, or network protocols, or by launching a coordinated attack employing a large number of infected computers (a botnet).

Device Management –The process of managing, setting up, and updating hardware and software elements in a company’s network is referred to as device management. This involves activities like updating software, keeping track of device performance, and guaranteeing the safety of network-connected devices. The stability, efficiency, and security of an organization’s IT infrastructure depend on effective device management.

 

Digital Signature –Electronic data, including emails, documents, and software, can be authenticated and its integrity confirmed using a digital signature, which is a mathematical process. It helps prevent message tampering or alteration during transmission by encrypting and decrypting messages using a mix of private and public keys. Additionally, the digital signature confirms the sender’s identity, which aids in preventing data tampering or unauthorised access.

 

Domain Name System (DNS) Security –The term “Domain Name System (DNS) Security” refers to the procedures and tools used to protect DNS infrastructure operations and communication. This entails safeguarding the security and integrity of DNS data as well as making sure that unauthorised parties cannot intercept, modify, or block DNS queries or responses. DNSSEC (Domain Name System Security Extensions), TSIG (Transaction Signatures), as well as different kinds of firewalls and access control systems, are examples of DNS security methods. These precautions are intended to stop DNS spoofing, cache poisoning, and other cyberattacks that can jeopardise the DNS system’s correctness and dependability.

 

Digital Forensics –The process of maintaining, gathering, analysing, and presenting electronic data in a way that is legally admissible is known as digital forensics. Discovering, locating, and analysing digital evidence in support of an investigation—typically for legal proceedings—is the aim of digital forensics. In many different situations, including cybercrime investigations, civil litigation, and intelligence gathering, digital forensics is used. Data extraction from electronic devices and systems, such as computers, mobile devices, and networks, often necessitates the employment of specialised tools and techniques.

Disaster Recovery-Following a natural or man-made disaster, disaster recovery is the process of returning IT systems and infrastructure to a condition of regular operation. Disaster recovery aims to reduce downtime and data loss while making sure that crucial business operations can continue with the least amount of inconvenience. Having a strategy in place that defines the procedures to be followed in order to recover IT systems is necessary for this. These procedures include acquiring and restoring data backups, restoring hardware and software components, and locating and resolving any network or security concerns.

 

Data Destruction –Data destruction refers to the process of destroying data stored on physical or digital media in a secure manner to ensure that the information is no longer accessible or retrievable. This can be done through a variety of methods, such as shredding paper documents, wiping hard drives, or using degaussing equipment. Data destruction is important for protecting sensitive information, complying with regulations, and ensuring data privacy.

Data Backup and Recovery –The process of routinely backing up essential data and then restoring it when necessary is known as data backup and recovery. There are several ways to accomplish this, including moving the data to a different hard disc, putting it in the cloud, or burning it on a DVD or USB drive, among others. In the event of a system failure, hardware failure, or other disaster, the aim of data backup and recovery is to make sure that crucial data is kept so that it may be restored and used to carry on with regular company operations.

 

Data Privacy –The collection, storage, use, and sharing of personal information is regulated by a number of laws, regulations, and practises collectively referred to as data privacy. It attempts to safeguard people’s and organisations’ right to control their personal information by ensuring that it is gathered, used, and shared in a way that is secure, moral, and complies with pertinent privacy laws and regulations. Data privacy aims to offer people and organisations control over their personal information and ensuring that businesses handle it in a responsible, safe, and open manner.

 

Data Retention –Data retention is the practise of storing data for a certain amount of time, frequently for business or legal reasons. Electronic data and information must be stored, managed, and preserved in this way to guarantee its accessibility and availability. Depending on the industry and the type of data being saved, different lengths of time may be required for data retention. Data retention aims to prevent the loss of crucial information while still adhering to legal and regulatory obligations.

 

Data Masking –Sensitive data can be hidden or changed using the process of “data masking” in order to prevent unwanted access. This can be achieved via a variety of techniques, including encryption, hashing, and the replacement of sensitive data with random characters or symbols. Data masking aims to safeguard private information while still enabling its use for authorised testing, development, and support activities.

 

Data Governance –The term “data governance” refers to the collection of rules, guidelines, and management practises that businesses use to guarantee the accessibility, usability, security, and integrity of their data. It include creating data quality benchmarks, defining roles and duties for data management, and putting data security measures in place to safeguard sensitive data. To guarantee that data is used effectively and efficiently while also adhering to legal and regulatory obligations is the aim of data governance.

Data Classification –Data classification is the process of categorising data according to its importance, value, and degree of sensitivity to an organisation. It is a crucial component of data management and information security since it aids in determining the level of protection necessary for each type of data. The classifications may be public, confidential, secret, top secret, or any other particular groups that an organisation may have established. In order to secure sensitive information from unwanted access and to guarantee that data handling and storage practises comply with an organization’s security rules, data classification is used.

E

Endpoint security: –Endpoint security is the term used to describe the safeguarding of network-connected devices, including desktop and laptop computers, cellphones, tablets, and laptops. These devices must be secured against online dangers like viruses, malware, and illegal access. Antivirus software, firewalls, encryption, and other security measures are all included in endpoint security solutions to keep sensitive data safe. Endpoint security aims to safeguard against data loss and theft while preventing data breaches.

 

Encryption Key –A mathematical value is called an encryption key and it is used to encrypt and decrypt data. The original data is scrambled and then unscrambled, rendering it unintelligible to unauthorised parties. Encryption keys are essential to the security of encrypted data and are often generated and managed by software applications. Different encryption key types exist, including symmetric, asymmetric, and hybrid keys. The amount of data being encrypted, the desired level of security, and the intended purpose of the encrypted data all influence the choice of an encryption key type.

 

Event Logging –The act of documenting actions or events that take place within a computer system or network is known as event logging. Event logs offer details on system activity, security incidents, failures, and other important occurrences. System management, troubleshooting, auditing, and security considerations can all be made use of this data. System administrators can notice and track system changes with the aid of event logging. They can also spot faults and security breaches or assaults.

Exploit –An exploit is a piece of software, a chunk of data, or a set of instructions that takes advantage of a flaw or vulnerability in a computer programme, system, or service to produce unwanted or unexpected behaviour. This can involve anything from interfering with regular operations to giving an attacker unauthorised access to sensitive data or systems. Attackers employ exploits to access or take control of target systems, steal confidential information, or start new attacks.

External threat – A security risk known as an external threat comes from sources outside the network of an organisation, such hackers, cybercriminals, or nation-state actors. These risks can result in data loss, financial damages, or reputational impact to the affected firm. They can take many different forms, including malware infections, phishing assaults, or network penetration attempts. Organizations may use a variety of cybersecurity tools to counteract external threats, including firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and multi-factor authentication. They may also educate staff members on risk-reduction strategies.

 

Email Security – Email security refers to the measures taken to secure electronic mail communications and prevent unauthorized access, usage, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction of email messages and attachments. It includes protecting the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of email messages and attachments, as well as safeguarding against various email-based attacks such as phishing, spam, malware, and other types of cyber threats. This can be achieved through the use of technologies such as email encryption, digital signatures, anti-spam and anti-virus filters, and multi-factor authentication.

Encryption Algorithm – An encryption algorithm is a mathematical procedure for transforming plaintext into ciphertext in order to conceal the original data from unauthorized access. The algorithm uses a key to encrypt the plaintext into ciphertext, and another key to decrypt the ciphertext back into plaintext. The security of an encryption algorithm depends on the strength of the key used and the difficulty of guessing or cracking it. Examples of encryption algorithms include AES, RSA, and DES.

Endpoint Protection Platform (EPP) –A sort of cybersecurity solution called Endpoint Protection Platform (EPP) is made to guard endpoints, or devices, such laptops, desktop computers, smartphones, and servers, from online dangers like viruses and malware. To offer complete endpoint protection, EPP frequently consists of firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention systems, antivirus and anti-malware software, and other security technologies. To help enterprises achieve their security and compliance needs, EPP may also incorporate capabilities like device management, network access control, and data loss prevention.

Enterprise Security –Enterprise security refers to the comprehensive security policies and procedures used by a company to safeguard all of its assets, including personnel, physical assets, intellectual property, customer information, and other priceless data, from both internal and external threats. Technical and administrative controls, including access control, network security, application security, disaster recovery, and incident response, are combined to achieve this. A comprehensive strategy is needed for effective enterprise security, one that includes understanding the organization’s security posture, identifying potential risks, putting the right mitigation measures in place, as well as ongoing monitoring and assessment to make sure the security posture remains effective over time.

 

Ethical Hacking –Ethical hacking, commonly referred to as “white hat” hacking, is the process of identifying and fixing security flaws in a company’s systems and applications using the same methods and resources as criminal hackers. The objective of this testing, which is done with the owner of the systems being tested’s knowledge and consent, is to strengthen the organization’s overall security posture by finding and fixing vulnerabilities before bad actors can take advantage of them.

 

External Penetration Testing –The process of routinely backing up essential data and then restoring it when necessary is known as data backup and recovery. There are several ways to accomplish this, including moving the data to a different hard disc, putting it in the cloud, or burning it on a DVD or USB drive, among others. In the event of a system failure, hardware failure, or other disaster, the aim of data backup and recovery is to make sure that crucial data is kept so that it may be restored and used to carry on with regular company operations.

Emergency Response Plan –A document known as an emergency response plan details the steps a company or other body will take in the case of an emergency. It often contains information on how to respond to particular types of incidents, evacuation methods, communications protocols, and staff roles and duties. An emergency response plan’s objective is to provide a prompt and efficient response while minimising the impact of an incident on workers, facilities, and activities.

 

Extended Validation (EV) SSL Certificates –Digital certificates of the Extended Validation (EV) SSL variety are used to safeguard websites. Compared to other kinds of SSL certificates, the issuing of an EV certificate is subject to a stricter verification procedure. The purpose of this verification process is to confirm that the entity obtaining the certificate is a valid company and that the domain name being secured is a part of that company. An EV-enabled website’s browser interface often shows the name of the verified business and a green address bar, giving users a visual indicator that the site is secure and reliable.

 

Event Correlation –A security analysis technique called event correlation is used to find connections among various security events and spot trends that could be signs of a breach or threat to security. The procedure entails gathering, analysing, and combining log data from many sources, including servers, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems in order to find patterns between occurrences and pinpoint the root cause of security incidents. By giving a more comprehensive perspective of security events, event correlation aims to decrease incident reaction times, lessen the impact of security incidents, and improve overall security posture.

 

Emanations Security –Emanations Security is the defence against unauthorised parties or entities intercepting electromagnetic signals (often referred to as “emanations”) that are released by electronic devices. These signals can reveal sensitive information, including keystrokes, data transfers, and system configurations, making this type of security crucial. Different methods and tools, like encryption, shielding, and physically secure facilities, can be utilised to defend against emanations security concerns.

F

Firewall: –A firewall is a type of network security system that keeps an eye on and regulates incoming and outgoing network traffic in accordance with pre-established security rules. In addition to preventing unwanted access, maintaining network privacy, and defending against cyberattacks, it serves as a barrier between a trusted internal network and an untrusted external network, such as the internet. Firewalls can be either hardware- or software-based, and they can be set up to either allow or prevent network traffic depending on the source IP address, destination IP address, port number, or kind of communication, among other factors.

 

Firewall-as-a-Service (FWaaS) –Firewall-as-a-Service (FWaaS) is a cloud-based security service that provides firewall protection to organizations, replacing traditional on-premise firewall appliances. It allows organizations to outsource firewall management and maintenance to a third-party service provider, while still being able to customize firewall policies and rules. This service provides the same level of protection as a physical firewall, but with the added benefits of scalability, remote access, and lower costs compared to traditional firewalls.

Federated Identity –Federated identity refers to a system where multiple parties collaborate to manage the identities of users, allowing them to access multiple applications or services with a single set of login credentials. This helps to simplify the user experience and increase security by reducing the number of passwords that users have to remember and manage. Federated identity is often achieved through the use of standards-based protocols such as SAML or OpenID Connect, which enable secure and interoperable identity management across organizational boundaries.

File Integrity Monitoring (FIM) –An effective security method for keeping track of and notifying users of changes to crucial files and directories is File Integrity Monitoring (FIM). It assists in identifying and stopping unauthorised additions, alterations, or interference with important files or systems. FIM can be applied to hardware and software systems to guarantee the accuracy of data that is stored, processed, and sent by the system. It is a crucial element of security and frequently forms a part of an all-encompassing security programme for businesses.

Forensics –When it comes to gathering, preserving, analysing, and presenting electronic data in a way that may be used as evidence in court, forensics refers to the application of scientific methodologies and techniques. In a cybercrime investigation, for example, it entails the act of gathering, examining, and interpreting digital data to ascertain the events that happened on a computer system or network. In cybersecurity and information security initiatives, forensics plays a crucial role in the detection and conviction of cybercriminals.

 

Full-Disk Encryption –A cybersecurity solution known as firewall-as-a-service (FWaaS) offers firewall functionality as a cloud-based service. Without having to manage, configure, and maintain physical firewall appliances, it enables enterprises to secure their networks and defend against cyber threats. With FWaaS, users can manage network security and subscribe to firewall protection via a web interface, doing away with the requirement for in-house knowledge. Small to medium-sized enterprises who might not have the capacity to run an on-premise firewall will find this kind of service to be especially helpful.

 

Federated Authentication –A technique for safely and easily confirming a user’s identity across several systems, platforms, or domains is known as federated authentication. Using this method, users may log in to numerous services and applications with just one set of login information, doing away with the requirement for different login information for each system. An identity provider, a dependable third party that manages and verifies the user’s identification information, handles the authentication process. In order to handle access control and security, this information can then be safely exchanged among the many systems and apps that the user needs to access.-

 

Fault Tolerance –A system’s fault tolerance refers to its capacity to maintain appropriate operation despite a component failure. Making sure that a computer system can withstand unforeseen disruptions or breakdowns and continue to deliver necessary services is a crucial component of computer system design, especially for critical systems. Many techniques, including redundancy, load balancing, and failover systems, are used to create fault tolerance.

 

File Encryption –To prevent unwanted access to or alteration of the file’s contents, file encryption transforms plaintext data into ciphertext data. Only those with access to the encryption key or password can decrypt and open the encrypted file. To safeguard sensitive data kept on computers, servers, or other digital devices, this is a widely used security precaution.

 

Firewall Policy –A firewall policy is a set of guidelines that direct a firewall’s behaviour in preventing unwanted access to a computer network. It describes the kinds of incoming and outgoing network traffic that are permitted or restricted in accordance with different security standards, including IP addresses, ports, and protocols. A comprehensive cybersecurity programme must include a firewall policy since it helps to protect sensitive data, secure the network from threats, and ensure compliance with industry standards and regulations.

 

Flood Guard –A sort of network security solution called Flood Guard restricts the quantity of incoming traffic to a network in order to defend against Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. The purpose of Flood Guard is to stop the network from being overloaded with incoming traffic, which could lead to a crash or make the network inaccessible. This can be achieved by controlling the quantity of incoming traffic to the network using a variety of approaches, including rate restriction, traffic shaping, and filtering.

 

Fintech – Financial technology, or fintech, is the application of technology to enhance and automate financial services and procedures. Payment systems, virtual currencies, online lending and investing, personal finance management, and other topics are all included in the broad category of fintech. The goal of fintech is to provide new and inventive solutions to satisfy the changing needs of clients while also increasing the accessibility, effectiveness, and security of financial services.

 

Finance Technology –Technology integration in the financial services industry is referred to as fintech. It entails utilising online and digital technology to enhance the provision and usage of financial services. The fintech sector is expanding quickly and changing the traditional financial services sector by providing customers and businesses with services that are more effective, easy, and accessible. Fintech examples include mobile banking, electronic payment methods, crowdsourcing websites, and robo-advisory services.

 

G

GPT: Generative Pre-trained Transformer –A deep learning model called GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) was created by OpenAI for Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. In order to produce cohesive and fluid text in response to a particular prompt or input, it makes use of the Transformer architecture and is trained on a sizable corpus of text data. GPT is commonly used in NLP applications like text creation, question answering, and language translation.

 

Gartner –Leaders in IT, finance, and marketing can rely on the research and advisory services provided by Gartner. It is a leader in technology research on a global scale and offers knowledge, suggestions, and tools to the business professionals that use information technology. On a variety of subjects, including cybersecurity, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, digital transformation, and more, Gartner provides research, analysis, and consulting services.

 

Guardian –An organization’s cybersecurity is continuously maintained and monitored by a cybersecurity professional. To protect the sensitive information of the firm from hostile assaults, they frequently have the responsibility of creating, administering, and enforcing security policies and procedures. Guardians are also in charge of keeping an eye on networks for any suspicious activity and handling security-related emergencies.

 

Geolocation) –Geolocation is the process of figuring out the precise location of an object, such as a computer or mobile device, based on data sent by that object. Triangulation using cell towers, Wi-Fi, GPS, and other technologies can all provide this data. Many uses for geolocation exist, including device tracking and monitoring, location-based services, and increased security and privacy.

 

Governance, Risk Management, and Compliance (GRC) –A strategy for managing an organization’s entire governance, enterprise risk management, and regulatory compliance initiatives is called governance, risk management, and compliance (GRC). GRC is to make sure that a business can accomplish its goals, adhere to laws and regulations, and successfully manage risks. Typically, a combination of people, technology, processes, and rules is used to accomplish this. GRC is a comprehensive approach to risk and compliance management that aids organisations in coordinating their efforts, reducing risk exposure, and enhancing openness and accountability.

 

Greyware – Greyware is a term used to describe software that has benign or neutral qualities but is nonetheless capable of disrupting computer networks or systems. Greyware, which differs from malware in that it is not malevolent by nature, can still have a negative effect on the security, functionality, or privacy of a system. Adware, spyware, intrusive toolbars, and browser extensions are all examples of greyware.

 

Group Policy –In a Windows domain environment, Group Policy is a feature of Microsoft Windows that offers centralised management and configuration of operating systems, programmes, and users’ settings. Administrators are able to specify settings for several system components, such as security policies, software installation, and desktop customizations, which are then automatically applied to all computers and users within the specified scope. This lessens the possibility of security breaches, streamlines management tasks, and helps enforce uniform regulations.

Game security –Video game, server, and player data security refers to the policies and procedures employed to prevent unauthorised access, theft, and modification. It incorporates safeguards including encryption, anti-cheat systems, authentication and access control, and secure communication protocols. Game security aims to safeguard player data and assets while upholding the fairness and integrity of the gaming experience.

 

Geofencing –Geofencing is a location-based technology that enables the creation of virtual boundaries around a real-world geographic area. The technology uses GPS, Wi-Fi, or cellular data to determine if a device is within or outside the defined area, and can be used to trigger specific actions, such as sending notifications, limiting access to certain content or functionality, or restricting network access. This technology is commonly used for location-based marketing, mobile device management, and security purposes.

Green IT –Green IT refers to the environmentally responsible use of technology and IT resources, including computing devices, data centers, and other IT infrastructure. It aims to minimize the negative impact of IT on the environment and promote sustainable practices. This includes reducing carbon emissions, energy consumption, e-waste, and waste of other natural resources. Green IT practices can also help organizations save money and improve their overall sustainability efforts.

 

H

High-Availability System – A high-availability system is a computing infrastructure that is designed to ensure maximum uptime and availability of services, with minimal downtime due to failures or maintenance. This is achieved through techniques such as redundancy, failover, and load balancing, so that if one component fails, another can take over without interruption. The goal of a high-availability system is to provide continuous access to critical applications and services, even in the event of hardware or software failures.

 

Human Firewall –The term “Human Firewall” refers to the role that employees play in an organization’s overall security strategy. It refers to the idea that employees can be trained to be more aware of security risks and to act as the first line of defense against cyber threats. By following best practices for security, such as avoiding suspicious emails and using strong passwords, employees can help prevent successful cyberattacks and data breaches.

Hybrid Encryption –Hybrid encryption is a method of combining different encryption algorithms and protocols to enhance the security of sensitive information. In hybrid encryption, two or more encryption methods are combined to form a layered security system that offers protection against various attacks and exploits. The use of different encryption algorithms provides multiple layers of security and helps to prevent data breaches. The combination of symmetric and asymmetric encryption is one example of a hybrid encryption approach.

Host-Based Firewall –A host-based firewall is a type of firewall that is installed and runs on a specific computer or network device, such as a server or a laptop. It is designed to protect that individual device from malicious traffic and attacks by controlling incoming and outgoing network traffic based on pre-defined security rules and policies. Host-based firewalls are typically used to supplement network-based firewalls and to provide additional security for servers and critical systems.

 

Host-Based Intrusion Detection System (HIDS) – A host-based intrusion detection system (HID) is a type of security software that is installed and runs on individual computers, servers, or network devices to monitor and detect any unauthorized activity or attempts to compromise the system. The HID monitors various system and application log files, system calls, and other system activities to identify any malicious behavior, such as unauthorized access or unauthorized changes to files, registry entries, or system settings. The HID can then alert the administrator or take appropriate action, such as blocking the source of the intrusion or quarantining the affected system.

 

I

It security –IT security refers to the measures taken to protect information technology (IT) systems and their data from unauthorized access, theft, damage, or disruption. This includes protecting the hardware, software, data, and network of an organization, as well as the people who use it. IT security includes various technologies and practices such as firewalls, encryption, strong passwords, access controls, and security software to prevent cyber-attacks and protect sensitive information.

Identity-Based Encryption – Identity-Based Encryption (IBE) is a type of public key encryption that uses the identity of a person or an entity, instead of a public key, to encrypt and decrypt data. The identity can be an email address, a user name, or any other unique identifier that can be used to verify the identity of a recipient. IBE ensures that only the intended recipient can decrypt the message and provides a secure way to encrypt sensitive information in a scalable manner, making it useful for large organizations or online services that need to secure communication with their users.

 

Incident Response –Incident Response refers to the process and procedures that organizations follow in response to a security breach, cyber attack or other security incidents. The aim of incident response is to minimize the impact of the security incident and restore normal operations as soon as possible. This includes identifying and containing the incident, assessing the damage, determining the cause, and implementing countermeasures to prevent similar incidents from happening in the future. Effective incident response also involves effective communication and collaboration among various teams within an organization such as IT, legal, and business units.

 

Intrusion Detection System (IDS) –An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a security tool designed to detect unauthorized access attempts to a computer system or network. It works by monitoring network traffic for signs of malicious activity, such as scans, probes, or attempts to exploit vulnerabilities. The IDS system alerts administrators to potential security breaches and can be configured to take specific actions, such as blocking malicious traffic or alerting security personnel. There are two main types of IDS: network-based and host-based. Network-based IDS monitors network traffic and alerts administrators to suspicious activity, while host-based IDS runs on individual hosts and monitors events on the local machine.

J

Journaling –As it enables security professionals to keep track of their daily actions, occurrences, vulnerabilities, and decisions, journaling can be a beneficial technique in cybersecurity. They can maintain organisation, monitor progress, spot patterns, and gradually enhance their performance thanks to this.

JWT (JSON Web Token) –JSON Web Token (JWT) is a standard for securely transmitting data between parties, commonly used for authentication and authorization in web applications, mobile apps, and APIs. JWTs consist of a header, payload, and signature, and can replace traditional session-based authentication systems. JWTs are stateless and can simplify application architecture, but once issued, they cannot be revoked.

JAM (Jumpstart Automated Mechanism) –Incident Response refers to the process and procedures that organizations follow in response to a security breach, cyber attack or other security incidents. The aim of incident response is to minimize the impact of the security incident and restore normal operations as soon as possible. This includes identifying and containing the incident, assessing the damage, determining the cause, and implementing countermeasures to prevent similar incidents from happening in the future. Effective incident response also involves effective communication and collaboration among various teams within an organization such as IT, legal, and business units.

Jitter –Jitter refers to the variation in the time delay of packet arrival in a network. In other words, it is the measure of the difference in the time it takes for packets to arrive at their destination. Jitter can cause data loss and affect the quality of audio or video transmissions, especially in real-time applications such as online gaming or video conferencing.

Jump server –A jump server, also known as a jump host or jumpbox, is a server used to access and manage devices on a separate, more secure network. It serves as an intermediate connection point between the user’s local computer and the devices they need to manage or access.

Journaling File System (JFS) –Journaling File System (JFS) is a type of file system that uses a journal to keep track of changes to files and directories. It is known for its reliability, fast performance, and ability to handle large files and volumes. JFS supports online resizing, multiple storage devices, and is widely used in enterprise and data center environments.

Jumbo Frame –Jumbo frames are larger than the standard Ethernet frame size and can improve network performance by reducing overhead. They are commonly used in applications that require high-speed data transfers, but not all network devices support them.

K

killchain – Kill chain is a concept used in cybersecurity to describe the stages of a cyber attack. The Lockheed Martin Cyber Kill Chain consists of seven stages: reconnaissance, weaponization, delivery, exploitation, installation, command and control (C2), and actions on objectives. By understanding each stage of the kill chain, organizations can identify and mitigate vulnerabilities in their systems and take proactive measures to prevent cyber attacks from succeeding.

Key Management –Key management is the process of generating, storing, distributing, and revoking cryptographic keys used for secure communication in computer networks. Cryptographic keys are used to encrypt and decrypt data, and their security is essential to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access.

Keylogger –A keylogger is a type of malicious software that is designed to record keystrokes made on a computer keyboard. This can include everything from passwords and usernames to sensitive personal and financial information.

Keyless Authentication –Keyless authentication, or passwordless authentication, is a type of authentication that does not require users to enter a password or use a physical key or token to prove their identity. Instead, it relies on alternative forms of identification, such as biometric data or possession of a trusted device. Keyless authentication is more secure and convenient than traditional password-based authentication, but it is important to implement best practices to ensure the security of keyless authentication systems.

Knowledge-Based Authentication (KBA) –Knowledge-Based Authentication (KBA) is a method of identity verification that involves asking users to answer questions based on personal information that only they should know. This can include questions related to their birthdate, social security number, or other personally identifiable information (PII).

Kerberos –Kerberos is a network authentication protocol that provides secure authentication and authorization over insecure networks. It uses a trusted third-party authentication server to issue encrypted tickets to users, allowing them to access network services without needing to repeatedly provide their credentials. Kerberos supports mutual authentication and is widely used in various applications and systems, including Windows Active Directory and Unix/Linux authentication systems. Proper configuration and management are necessary to ensure its security and reliability.

Key Escrow –Key escrow is a mechanism used to protect the access to encrypted information by allowing a trusted third party to hold a copy of the encryption key. In other words, the encryption key is stored with a trusted entity, such as a government or a company, rather than solely with the user who created it

Key Performance Indicator (KPI) –Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are measurable metrics used to evaluate the performance of an organization, a department, or an individual against specific objectives or goals. KPIs are commonly used in business and management to track progress, identify areas of improvement, and make data-driven decisions.

L

Link state –Link state is a term used in computer networking to describe a type of routing protocol that uses information about the entire network to make routing decisions. In a link state routing protocol, each router in the network maintains a database of information about the network topology, including the status and cost of links to other routers.

List based access control – List-based access control is a method of controlling access to a resource by maintaining a list of authorized users and their corresponding permissions. Each user is assigned a unique identifier and added to the access control list with the appropriate permissions. It is commonly used in a variety of systems and applications but can be difficult to manage as the number of users and resources grows.

Logic bombs –A logic bomb is a type of malicious software (malware) that is designed to lie dormant on a computer system until triggered by a specific event or series of events. Once triggered, the logic bomb executes a set of instructions that can range from displaying a message to deleting or corrupting data on the system.

Loopback address –The loopback address, also known as the loopback interface or localhost, is a special IP address that allows a device to send and receive data to itself. The loopback address is usually represented by the IP address 127.0.0.1 in IPv4 or ::1 in IPv6.

Lightweight directory access protocol ldap –The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is an open and widely-used protocol for accessing and managing distributed directory information services. LDAP provides a standardized method for storing, retrieving, and updating information in directory services, which are used to store and manage user accounts, passwords, group memberships, network resources, and other data.

Log Encryption –Log encryption is the process of encrypting log data to protect it from unauthorized access, theft, or tampering. Log data can include various types of information such as system logs, application logs, security logs, and audit logs, which are critical to the security and operation of a system or application.

Log Forensics –Log forensics is the process of analyzing log data to investigate and identify potential security incidents, system faults, or other types of events that may have occurred on a computer system, network, or application. The goal of log forensics is to identify the root cause of an event or incident and to gather evidence for subsequent legal proceedings or remediation actions.

Log Integrity –Log integrity refers to the assurance that log data has not been tampered with or altered in any way, and that it remains accurate, complete, and trustworthy. Log integrity is critical for ensuring the reliability of log data for various purposes, such as compliance, auditing, troubleshooting, and forensic investigations.

.

Log Security –Log security refers to the protection of log data from unauthorized access, theft, or tampering. Log data can include various types of information, such as system logs, application logs, security logs, and audit logs, which are critical to the security and operation of a system or application.

M

Multi homed –In computer networking, a multi-homed system refers to a host computer that has multiple network interfaces, each of which is connected to a different network. A multi-homed system can be used for various purposes, such as load balancing, fault tolerance, and network segmentation.

Monoculture –In the context of computer security, monoculture refers to a situation where a large number of computer systems or software components share the same underlying architecture, platform, or operating system. This creates a homogeneous environment that can be more vulnerable to security threats, as a single vulnerability or attack can potentially affect a large number of systems.

Mac address –A Media Access Control (MAC) address is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) of a computer or other network device. The MAC address is a 12-digit hexadecimal number that is used to identify a device on a network.

Malware threat –Malware is a broad category of software that is designed to cause harm to a computer system, network, or user. Malware can include viruses, Trojans, worms, spyware, ransomware, and other types of malicious code. Malware threats pose a significant risk to individuals, organizations, and even governments, as they can be used for various malicious purposes, such as stealing sensitive data, disrupting critical systems, or launching large-scale cyberattacks.

Malware defense –To defend against malware, organizations should install and update antivirus software, use firewalls, keep software up to date, use strong passwords, and implement user access controls.

Malware scanner –A malware scanner is a software tool designed to detect and remove malware from a computer or network. Malware scanners use various techniques to identify and analyze malware, such as signature-based detection, behavior-based detection, and heuristic analysis.

Malware remediation –Malware remediation refers to the process of detecting, containing, and removing malware from a computer system or network. Malware can cause various types of harm, such as stealing sensitive data, disrupting critical systems, or launching large-scale cyberattacks. When malware is detected, it is important to take prompt action to remediate the infection and minimize the damage.

Malware research –Malware research refers to the process of analyzing and understanding malware to better defend against it. Malware researchers study the behavior, capabilities, and techniques used by malware to identify and mitigate its impact.

Malware protection software –Malware protection software is a type of security software designed to detect, prevent, and remove malware from a computer or network. Malware protection software typically includes antivirus and anti-malware functionality, as well as other security features such as firewalls and intrusion detection.

Mobile device security –Mobile device security refers to the protection of mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, from various types of threats, including malware, data breaches, and theft

N

Nist cyber security framework –The NIST Cybersecurity Framework is a set of guidelines and best practices for improving cybersecurity in organizations. It was developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in response to Executive Order 13636, which called for the development of a voluntary framework for reducing cyber risks to critical infrastructure.

Notpetya –NotPetya, also known as ExPetr, was a destructive malware attack that occurred in June 2017. It primarily affected Ukrainian organizations, but also spread to other countries, causing significant damage to businesses and critical infrastructure.

Network security- Network security refers to the protection of computer networks and their associated components, including hardware, software, and data, from unauthorized access, use, modification, or destruction. It encompasses a range of technologies, processes, and practices designed to prevent, detect, and respond to security threats and attacks.

Network segmentation –Network segmentation is the practice of dividing a computer network into smaller subnetworks, known as segments or zones, to increase security and control. By dividing the network into smaller segments, organizations can reduce the risk of a security breach spreading throughout the entire network.

.

Network monitoring –Network monitoring is the process of monitoring and analyzing network traffic to detect and troubleshoot network problems, security threats, and performance issues. It involves collecting and analyzing data from network devices, such as routers, switches, firewalls, and servers, to identify potential problems and provide insights into network behavior.

Network access control –Network Access Control (NAC) is a security solution that controls access to a network by enforcing policies that dictate who or what is allowed to access the network and how they are allowed to do so. It is typically implemented through a combination of hardware and software components, including firewalls, switches, routers, and security appliances.

Network firewall –A network firewall is a security device that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security policies. The main function of a firewall is to block unauthorized access to a network while allowing authorized traffic to pass through.

Network intrusion detection –Network Intrusion Detection is the process of monitoring network traffic to detect and respond to potential security threats. It involves analyzing network traffic in real-time to identify suspicious activity and security breaches.

Network intrusion prevention –Network intrusion prevention is a security approach that aims to prevent security breaches before they occur. Unlike intrusion detection, which only detects and alerts on security breaches, intrusion prevention actively blocks potential security threats in real-time.

Network security audit –A network security audit is an evaluation of an organization’s network security infrastructure to identify potential vulnerabilities, assess risk, and provide recommendations for improving security. The purpose of a network security audit is to identify potential security weaknesses in the network infrastructure, applications, and devices, and to provide actionable recommendations for mitigating these risks.

Network security management –ANetwork security management refers to the process of designing, implementing, and maintaining an organization’s network security infrastructure. It involves the use of tools and techniques to protect the network from unauthorized access, data theft, and other security threats.

Network security policy –A network security policy is a set of guidelines and procedures that define how an organization’s network should be secured. It outlines the acceptable use of the network, the types of security controls that should be implemented, and the roles and responsibilities of employees in ensuring network security.

Network security testing –Network security testing is the process of evaluating the security of a computer network by identifying vulnerabilities and weaknesses that could be exploited by attackers. The purpose of network security testing is to discover security weaknesses and to assess the effectiveness of existing security controls.

Network security assessment –A network security assessment is an evaluation of the security of a computer network to identify potential vulnerabilities and risks that could be exploited by attackers. The assessment involves testing the security controls in place and identifying areas for improvement.

Network security strategy –A network security strategy is a comprehensive plan for protecting a computer network from unauthorized access, data theft, and other security threats. The strategy includes policies, procedures, and technologies that are designed to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of network resources.

Network security solutions –Network security solutions are technologies that help protect computer networks from threats. Some common solutions include firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention systems, antivirus software, virtual private networks, and encryption. These solutions can help prevent unauthorized access, block malware, and detect and respond to security incidents.

 

Network security software –Network security software includes antivirus software, firewall software, intrusion detection and prevention software, virtual private network software, and encryption software. These tools are designed to protect computer networks from various security threats by detecting and preventing malware, controlling network traffic, detecting and responding to security incidents, and encrypting sensitive data.

 

O

Open shortest path first ospf –Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol that is used to determine the best path for data packets as they are sent between routers on a computer network. OSPF is an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), which means that it is designed for use within a single autonomous system (AS), such as a corporate network.

Osi layers –The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework for understanding how different communication systems interact with each other. It consists of seven layers, each of which provides a specific service or functionality.

Octet – In computer networking, an octet is a sequence of eight bits, also known as a byte. The term “octet” is used to avoid confusion between the use of the term “byte” in different contexts. In some cases, a byte can refer to a sequence of bits that is not exactly eight bits long, but an octet always refers to eight bits.

On-Demand Security Services –On-demand security services refer to security solutions that are delivered over the internet or through cloud-based platforms on an as-needed basis. These services can be accessed and deployed by organizations or individuals to secure their IT infrastructure or data, without the need for upfront investment in hardware, software, or personnel.

Operation and Maintenance Services –Operation and maintenance (O&M) services refer to the ongoing activities required to manage and maintain the operation of IT infrastructure, applications, and services. O&M services typically include monitoring, management, troubleshooting, and maintenance of hardware, software, and network components to ensure optimal performance and availability.

Outbound Firewall Protection – Outbound firewall protection is a security mechanism that controls and monitors the outbound traffic from a network or device. It is designed to prevent unauthorized or malicious communication from leaving a network or device by blocking outgoing connections to known malicious IP addresses, domains, or ports.

Online Backup Services –Online backup services, also known as cloud backup services, are cloud-based data backup solutions that allow users to securely store their important data and files offsite on remote servers. These services typically provide automated backups, versioning, and easy restoration of data from any location with an internet connection.

Organizational Security Awareness Training –Organizational security awareness training is the process of educating employees and other stakeholders within an organization about the importance of information security and best practices for keeping sensitive information secure. The goal of this training is to create a culture of security within the organization, where everyone takes responsibility for protecting sensitive information and understands the risks and consequences of a security breach.

Outsourced Security Management –Outsourced security management refers to the practice of hiring a third-party company to manage an organization’s security infrastructure and operations. This may include managing firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention systems, antivirus and antimalware software, vulnerability assessments, and other security technologies.

Outsourced Managed Detection and Response –Outsourced Managed Detection and Response (MDR) refers to the practice of hiring a third-party company to manage an organization’s threat detection and response capabilities. MDR services provide continuous monitoring of an organization’s IT infrastructure, identifying and investigating potential security incidents, and responding to security threats in real-time.

 Open Source Security Auditing – Open Source Security Auditing refers to the process of evaluating the security of an organization’s information systems and applications using open source security tools and techniques. Open source security auditing can help organizations identify vulnerabilities and weaknesses in their security posture, and provide insights into how to remediate them.

Outsourced Incident Response and Management – Outsourced Incident Response and Management refers to the practice of hiring a third-party provider to handle incidents that affect an organization’s IT infrastructure. These incidents can range from data breaches to denial-of-service attacks to malware infections. The outsourced incident response and management team typically includes experienced security professionals who use advanced tools and techniques to investigate the incident, contain the damage, and restore normal operations as quickly as possible.

P

Password cracking –Password cracking refers to the process of recovering passwords from stored or transmitted data. This is typically done through the use of software tools that attempt to guess the password by trying a large number of possible combinations of characters until the correct one is found.

Penetration – Penetration refers to the process of attempting to gain unauthorized access to a system, application, or network with the intention of identifying vulnerabilities and weaknesses. This is often done by security professionals, known as penetration testers or “pen testers,” to test the effectiveness of an organization’s security controls and identify areas for improvement.

Phishing – Phishing is a cyber attack technique used to steal sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, credit card details, and other personal information by tricking individuals into revealing their information. The attacker usually sends a message, often an email or instant message, that appears to be from a trusted source such as a bank, social media platform, or a popular retailer. The message often includes a link to a fake website that looks similar to the real one, but is designed to capture the victim’s personal information.

Ping sweep –Ping sweep is a technique used to discover active hosts on a network by sending a series of ICMP echo request messages, also known as “pings”, to a range of IP addresses. The ping sweep tool sends a ping to each IP address in the specified range and waits for a response. If a response is received, it indicates that the host is active and available on the network.

Port scan –Port scanning is a technique used to identify open ports and services running on a target system or network. It involves sending a series of network requests or probes to a range of TCP or UDP port numbers to determine which ports are open and responding.

program infector –A program infector is a type of malware that infects executable files on a computer system. When an infected file is executed, the malware code is also executed and can perform a variety of malicious actions, such as stealing data, modifying or deleting files, or spreading to other systems on a network.

Protocol – A protocol is a set of rules and procedures that govern the way in which two or more devices communicate over a network. Protocols define the format, timing, sequencing, and error checking of data exchanged between devices, and ensure that data is transmitted reliably and securely.

Public key forward secrecy PFS –Public key forward secrecy (PFS) is a security feature that provides additional protection for encrypted data transmissions. It is a method of key exchange that ensures that a compromise of a server’s private key does not result in the decryption of past sessions.

Phishing prevention-Phishing prevention refers to the measures taken to prevent and protect against phishing attacks. Phishing is a type of cyber attack where an attacker poses as a trustworthy entity to deceive a victim into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords or financial data.

Password security –Password security refers to the measures and best practices taken to protect passwords from unauthorized access and to reduce the risk of password-related security breaches. Strong password security is essential for protecting sensitive data and personal information from cybercriminals who use a variety of methods to obtain passwords, such as phishing attacks, password cracking tools, and social engineering tactics.

Q

QoS (Quality of Service) – Quality of Service (QoS) is a network management technique that allows network administrators to prioritize certain types of traffic, applications, or users over others. It is used to guarantee a certain level of network performance and availability to specific applications, services, or users. QoS is commonly used in networks where bandwidth is limited or where different types of traffic have different levels of priority. It can be used to ensure that critical applications, such as VoIP or video conferencing, receive the necessary bandwidth and are not affected by other less critical applications or services. QoS can also help reduce network congestion, delay, and packet loss.

QID (Qualys ID) – Qualys ID (QID) is a unique identifier used by the Qualys Vulnerability Management system to distinguish between different types of vulnerabilities. A QID is assigned to a specific vulnerability after it has been identified and analyzed by the Qualys system. Each QID includes information about the vulnerability, including the severity level, affected software, and potential impact on the system. QIDs are used to help prioritize vulnerabilities and track remediation efforts. They can also be used to map vulnerabilities to specific compliance regulations and standards, such as PCI DSS or HIPAA.

QRadar (IBM Security QRadar) – IBM Security QRadar is a security information and event management (SIEM) system that provides real-time analysis of security alerts and logs from various sources in an organization’s network. It uses artificial intelligence, machine learning, and behavioral analytics to detect and prioritize potential security threats. QRadar can collect and analyze data from sources such as network devices, servers, applications, and security tools. It then correlates this data to identify security incidents, and provides alerts and reports to security analysts for investigation and remediation. QRadar also supports threat intelligence feeds, allowing organizations to stay up-to-date with the latest threats and vulnerabilities.

QWK (Quick Web Experience Kit) – QWK (Quick Waveform Kit) is a file format used for offline reading of newsgroup messages. It was popular in the early 1990s, before the widespread availability of the World Wide Web. The QWK format allowed users to download newsgroup messages to their computer and read them using special software, which could also compose replies and upload them back to the server.

QSA (Qualified Security Assessor) –A Qualified Security Assessor (QSA) is a person or company that has been certified by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council (PCI SSC) to assess an organization’s compliance with the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS).

QVM (Quarantine Virtual Machine) – QVM stands for “Quarantine Virtual Machine”. It is a security technology that isolates potentially malicious files or programs in a virtual machine (VM) environment. The QVM approach is often used in anti-virus and anti-malware software to provide an extra layer of protection against threats.

QKD (Quantum Key Distribution) –Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a cryptographic technique that uses the principles of quantum mechanics to establish a secure communication channel between two parties. QKD allows the two parties to share a secret key that is known only to them, which can be used to encrypt and decrypt messages securely. The security of QKD is based on the fundamental laws of physics and the fact that any attempt to measure the state of a quantum particle will disturb it, which can be detected by the parties involved. This property makes it possible to detect any attempt to eavesdrop on the communication channel and therefore provides a high level of security. QKD is considered a promising technology for secure communication in the future, particularly in the context of quantum computing.

R

Risk Management –Risk management is the process of identifying, assessing, and prioritizing risks to an organization, and then taking steps to mitigate or avoid those risks. It involves analyzing and evaluating the likelihood and impact of potential risks to an organization’s operations, assets, and reputation, and then developing strategies to manage those risks. The goal of risk management is to reduce the impact of negative events and to increase the likelihood of positive outcomes. Effective risk management helps organizations to make informed decisions, allocate resources more effectively, and ensure the continuity of their operations. It is an ongoing process that requires regular monitoring and evaluation of risks and risk mitigation strategies.

Risk Assessment –Risk assessment is a process of identifying, analyzing, and evaluating potential risks to an organization or individual. The goal of risk assessment is to determine the likelihood and potential impact of a risk, and to implement measures to mitigate or manage those risks. The process involves identifying assets and their vulnerabilities, identifying potential threats, and assessing the likelihood and impact of those threats. Risk assessments can be performed for a variety of purposes, including information security, financial risk management, and health and safety.

Risk Analysis – Risk analysis is a process of identifying and assessing potential risks in order to determine their likelihood and impact on an organization or project. It involves analyzing and evaluating the various factors that contribute to a risk, including its severity, likelihood of occurrence, potential consequences, and available risk mitigation strategies. The ultimate goal of risk analysis is to enable organizations to make informed decisions about how to manage and mitigate risks in a way that maximizes benefits and minimizes potential negative impacts. It is an important component of risk management and is used across a wide range of industries and disciplines, including information technology, finance, healthcare, and engineering.

Risk Mitigation –Risk mitigation refers to the process of taking steps to reduce the likelihood or impact of a potential risk. It involves identifying and evaluating potential risks, developing and implementing strategies to minimize or eliminate those risks, and monitoring the effectiveness.

Remediation – Remediation in the context of cybersecurity refers to the process of fixing or resolving security vulnerabilities or weaknesses discovered in a system or network. Remediation can involve various activities, such as patching or updating software, modifying system configurations, changing passwords, or implementing new security controls. The goal of remediation is to reduce the risk of a security incident or data breach by addressing identified vulnerabilities and weaknesses. Effective remediation requires a comprehensive understanding of the security risks facing an organization, as well as the ability to prioritize and address vulnerabilities in a timely manner.

Risk Monitoring –Risk monitoring refers to the ongoing process of observing, tracking, and analyzing potential and current risks to an organization’s assets, systems, and processes. It involves identifying and assessing new risks as they emerge, monitoring existing risks to determine whether they have changed, and evaluating the effectiveness of risk management strategies.

Risk Acceptance –Risk acceptance is a strategy in risk management that involves accepting the potential risk and allowing it to occur without implementing any preventive measures. This strategy is often employed when the cost of implementing risk mitigation measures outweighs the potential loss from the risk event. Risk acceptance is not the same as ignoring or neglecting a risk, but rather a conscious decision to tolerate a certain level of risk while closely monitoring the situation and being prepared to respond appropriately if the risk event occurs. It is important to note that risk acceptance is not appropriate for all risks and must be carefully considered in the context of the organization’s risk appetite and overall risk management strategy.

 Risk Tolerance –Risk tolerance is the degree of risk that an organization or individual is willing to accept in pursuit of its goals. It is the level of risk exposure that an organization is willing to accept, based on its risk appetite, to achieve its strategic objectives. Risk tolerance is often used in risk management to help organizations determine the amount of risk they can take on before it becomes too much to bear. Factors that affect an organization’s risk tolerance include its financial position, business objectives, regulatory environment, and risk management capabilities.

 Risk Avoidance – Risk avoidance is a risk management strategy that involves taking actions to completely avoid or eliminate a particular risk. This approach is often taken when the potential impact of a risk is deemed too great to accept or mitigate through other means. Risk avoidance can involve various actions, such as not engaging in a particular activity, discontinuing a current activity, or avoiding certain types of business or partnerships. It is important to note that risk avoidance may not always be possible or practical, and may also come with its own set of potential risks and downsides.

 Risk Reduction –Risk reduction is a risk management strategy that involves taking actions to decrease the likelihood or impact of potential risks to an acceptable level. This can involve implementing security controls, conducting risk assessments, providing employee training, and other measures to minimize the likelihood of a security incident or mitigate its impact if it does occur. The goal of risk reduction is to manage risk in a way that allows an organization to achieve its objectives while minimizing potential harm.

Ransomware protection –Ransomware protection refers to the set of measures and technologies used to protect against ransomware attacks. Ransomware is a type of malicious software that encrypts files on a victim’s computer or network and demands a ransom payment in exchange for the decryption key. To protect against ransomware attacks, organizations and individuals can implement a variety of measures.

Ransomware Attacks –Ransomware attacks are a type of cyber attack that involves encrypting a victim’s files or locking them out of their device until a ransom is paid. Typically, the attacker demands payment in a cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, which makes it difficult to track the attacker. Ransomware attacks can be devastating for both individuals and businesses, as they can result in the loss of sensitive data and disruption of business operations. Common methods of ransomware delivery include phishing emails, malvertising, and exploit kits. It is important to have strong security measures in place to prevent ransomware attacks, including regular data backups, employee training on safe browsing habits and email hygiene, and robust antivirus and firewall protection.

S

Safeguards –In the context of cybersecurity, safeguards refer to measures put in place to protect an organization’s information assets from potential threats. Safeguards can be technical or non-technical and can include processes, policies, procedures, tools, and technologies that help mitigate risks and prevent unauthorized access, disclosure, modification, or destruction of sensitive data. Examples of safeguards include firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention systems, access controls, data encryption, antivirus software, security awareness training, and background checks for employees. Effective safeguarding requires a comprehensive understanding of an organization’s risk profile and a layered approach to security that addresses potential vulnerabilities across all aspects of the organization’s operations.

Scanning –Scanning is the process of using automated tools or software to identify vulnerabilities or security weaknesses in a system or network. Scanning can be performed on a regular basis to identify new vulnerabilities and ensure that existing vulnerabilities have been remediated. Scanning can be done for both internal and external networks, and can include vulnerability scanning, network mapping, and port scanning. Scanning is an important component of vulnerability management and can help to identify potential security threats before they can be exploited.

Secure communications –Secure communications refers to the exchange of information or data between two or more parties in a secure and private manner. It involves protecting the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the data being exchanged. Secure communications can be achieved through various methods such as encryption, digital signatures, secure protocols, and authentication mechanisms. It is especially important for sensitive or confidential information, such as financial data, personal information, or national security secrets, to be transmitted securely to prevent interception or eavesdropping by unauthorized parties.

Secure erase –Secure erase is a process of permanently and securely deleting data from a storage device, such as a hard drive, solid-state drive, or flash drive. This process involves overwriting the entire storage space with random data multiple times to ensure that the original data cannot be recovered using data recovery techniques. Secure erase is commonly used when disposing of or recycling a storage device that contains sensitive or confidential information, to prevent unauthorized access to the data. Some operating systems and third-party software provide built-in tools for secure erasing, and specialized hardware devices can also be used for this purpose.

Secure state –“Secure state” typically refers to a system or environment that has been hardened and configured to be as secure as possible, and is actively monitored and maintained to prevent security breaches or vulnerabilities from being introduced. A secure state may be achieved through a variety of measures, including implementing security policies and procedures, configuring security technologies such as firewalls and intrusion detection/prevention systems, and conducting regular security assessments and audits to identify and address potential security risks. The goal of achieving a secure state is to reduce the likelihood of security incidents and protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data and systems.

Security association –A Security Association (SA) is a logical connection between two endpoints (such as two network devices) that enables secure communication by defining the security protocols, algorithms, and keys to be used for encryption and authentication. It is a set of parameters that are shared between two parties to provide secure communication.

Security banner –A security banner, also known as a login banner, is a message displayed on a computer system before a user is allowed to log in. It is used to inform users of the system’s intended use and to warn unauthorized users that access is prohibited. Security banners are typically used to convey legal warnings or notices, inform users of security policies, and remind users of their responsibilities when using the system. The banner usually contains a standard message that is required by law or regulation, and it may also be customized to include specific information about the system or organization. Security banners are an important component of security measures for many computer systems, particularly those that are used for sensitive or classified information.

Security category –In computer security, a security category refers to a group of information or system resources with similar security requirements. These categories are used to classify the sensitivity of the data and the security controls that should be applied to them. Security categories are determined based on factors such as the value of the information, the potential damage to the organization if the information is disclosed or altered, and the level of protection required to safeguard the information. In the United States, security categories are often classified under the National Information Assurance Partnership (NIAP) standards.

Security control assessment –Security control assessment refers to the evaluation and analysis of security controls implemented within an organization to ensure that they are effective, efficient, and relevant to the organization’s security objectives. The assessment process involves identifying the security controls, evaluating their effectiveness, and documenting the findings. It also includes identifying any gaps or weaknesses in the security controls and recommending appropriate measures to address them. The assessment process helps organizations to identify and manage risks, ensure compliance with regulations and standards, and maintain the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information and systems.

Social engineering –Social engineering is a form of cyberattack in which attackers manipulate individuals to divulge sensitive information or gain unauthorized access to systems or networks. It involves psychological manipulation and deception techniques, such as pretexting, baiting, phishing, and impersonation. Attackers use social engineering to exploit human vulnerabilities, such as curiosity, trust, and fear, and to trick individuals into revealing passwords, personal information, or sensitive data. Social engineering attacks can be carried out through various channels, including email, phone calls, social media, or in-person interactions.

T

Threat Intelligence – Threat intelligence is the process of collecting, analyzing, and sharing information about potential or existing cyber threats. It involves identifying, gathering, and analyzing information about cyber threats, such as malware, vulnerabilities, and cybercriminal activities, and then using that information to prevent or respond to cyber attacks. Threat intelligence can come from a variety of sources, including security experts, security vendors, law enforcement agencies, and even the dark web. The goal of threat intelligence is to help organizations identify and prioritize potential threats, and to provide actionable intelligence to support proactive defense measures. It is an important component of any comprehensive cybersecurity strategy.

Two-Factor Authentication –Two-factor authentication (2FA) is a security process that requires users to provide two different authentication factors to verify their identity before gaining access to a system or application. The two factors typically include something the user knows (such as a password or PIN) and something the user has (such as a mobile device or smart card). By requiring two different factors, 2FA provides an additional layer of security that makes it more difficult for attackers to gain unauthorized access to sensitive information or systems.

Tokenization –Tokenization is a process of replacing sensitive data, such as credit card numbers or personal identification numbers (PINs), with unique identification symbols or tokens that retain all the essential information about the data but do not expose the actual data itself. This technique is used to protect sensitive data from potential breaches or cyber-attacks by hackers or malicious actors. Tokenization is commonly used in financial transactions and online shopping where sensitive data is transmitted over the internet. Once tokenized, the sensitive data is stored in a secure database, and the tokens are used for processing and verification.

Traffic Analysis –Traffic analysis is the process of intercepting and examining data flows to extract information from them. This is typically done in computer networks where the goal is to determine patterns in communication that may reveal important information. Traffic analysis can be used for various purposes, such as monitoring network performance, detecting security threats, or analyzing user behavior. The technique involves analyzing the flow of packets or messages, and identifying patterns or anomalies that may indicate the presence of a specific type of traffic or an attack. Various tools and techniques are available for traffic analysis, including protocol analyzers, packet sniffers, and intrusion detection systems.

Threat Modeling –Threat modeling is a structured approach used to identify potential threats or attacks on a system or application. It is a process of analyzing and identifying potential security threats to a system or network and creating countermeasures to prevent or mitigate them. The goal of threat modeling is to identify potential vulnerabilities and attacks that could be used against a system, and to prioritize these threats based on their potential impact and likelihood of occurrence. Threat modeling can help organizations improve their security posture by identifying potential threats before they can be exploited and providing recommendations for how to mitigate those threats. It is an important part of the overall risk management process for any organization.

Trusted Platform Module –Trusted Platform Module (TPM) is a hardware-based security feature that provides a secure environment for storing cryptographic keys, passwords, and other sensitive data. It is a microcontroller chip that is installed on the motherboard of a computer or other device and is designed to work with a variety of security software.

Transitive Access –Transitive access refers to the concept of allowing access to one system or application through another system or application that has already been authenticated. This means that instead of requiring a user to log in separately to each individual system or application they need access to, they can simply authenticate once and then be granted access to everything they need through the trusted system or application.

Trojan Horse –A Trojan Horse, or simply “Trojan”, is a type of malicious software or malware that disguises itself as a legitimate program to trick users into installing it on their computer systems. Once installed, a Trojan can perform a wide range of harmful activities, including stealing sensitive information, taking control of the system, or damaging files and programs. Trojans typically gain access to a system by exploiting vulnerabilities in software or through social engineering tactics such as phishing emails or malicious downloads. The name “Trojan Horse” is derived from the Greek myth of the Trojan War, in which the Greeks built a large wooden horse as a decoy to enter the city of Troy and win the war. Similarly, Trojans use deception to infiltrate a system and cause harm.

Threat Landscape –The threat landscape refers to the overall cybersecurity environment, including the types and frequency of cyber threats faced by organizations. It encompasses all potential sources of cyber attacks, including malware, phishing, social engineering, hacking, and insider threats, among others. The threat landscape is constantly evolving, as new vulnerabilities are discovered, and cybercriminals develop new attack techniques to exploit them. Understanding the threat landscape is essential for organizations to identify potential risks, prioritize security measures, and develop effective cybersecurity strategies. Threat intelligence is often used to gather information about the threat landscape and to help organizations proactively defend against emerging threats.

Threat Vector –A threat vector refers to the means or method by which a cyber attack or threat is carried out. It is essentially the path or route through which an attacker gains access to a target system or network. Threat vectors can include email attachments, phishing links, malicious websites, vulnerable software or hardware, social engineering techniques, and many other methods. Understanding the different types of threat vectors and how they can be exploited is an important aspect of developing effective cybersecurity strategies and defenses.

U

Usability –Usability refers to the ease with which a user can interact with a system or interface. It is the measure of the effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction with which users can achieve specific goals in a particular environment. In the context of security, usability plays a critical role as security controls that are not user-friendly may be bypassed or disabled by users, leaving the system vulnerable to attacks. Therefore, it is essential to strike a balance between security and usability to ensure that security measures are both effective and usable.

Unauthorized Access –Unauthorized Access refers to the gaining of access to a network, computer, or other resources without authorization or permission. This can be done intentionally, such as by hackers or malicious insiders, or unintentionally, such as through the use of weak passwords or sharing login credentials. Unauthorized access can result in data breaches, theft of sensitive information, disruption of services, and other security incidents. To prevent unauthorized access, organizations can implement security measures such as access controls, firewalls, encryption, and monitoring tools.

Unified Threat Management –Unified Threat Management (UTM) is a security solution that combines multiple security technologies and features into a single, integrated platform. UTM typically includes a firewall, intrusion detection/prevention system (IDS/IPS), antivirus/anti-malware, content filtering, virtual private network (VPN), and other security features.

User Authentication –User authentication refers to the process of verifying the identity of an individual or entity seeking access to a system or application. The authentication process typically involves the presentation of credentials, such as a username and password or a digital certificate, which are compared against a database of authorized users. The goal of user authentication is to ensure that only authorized users are able to access sensitive information or resources, thereby preventing unauthorized access and protecting the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of critical assets. User authentication is a fundamental component of information security and is used in a variety of contexts, including computer systems, mobile devices, and online applications.

Unified Endpoint Management –User authentication refers to the process of verifying the identity of an individual or entity seeking access to a system or application. The authentication process typically involves the presentation of credentials, such as a username and password or a digital certificate, which are compared against a database of authorized users. The goal of user authentication is to ensure that only authorized users are able to access sensitive information or resources, thereby preventing unauthorized access and protecting the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of critical assets. User authentication is a fundamental component of information security and is used in a variety of contexts, including computer systems, mobile devices, and online applications.

URL Filtering –URL filtering is a technique used to block or allow access to specific websites or web pages based on pre-defined policies. It is a type of content filtering that analyzes URLs or web addresses requested by users and compares them to a list of predefined criteria. This technique is commonly used by organizations to enforce internet usage policies and protect against malware, phishing, and other web-based threats. URL filtering can be performed using software installed on local devices, or it can be implemented at the network level using specialized hardware or cloud-based services.

Unified Communications –Unified Communications (UC) refers to the integration of communication tools and services into a single platform, allowing for seamless and efficient communication across multiple channels. UC systems can include traditional tools such as telephony, email, and instant messaging, as well as newer technologies like video conferencing, collaboration software, and presence information. By integrating these tools, UC can improve communication and collaboration between employees, reduce communication costs, and enhance customer engagement.

Unstructured Data –Unstructured data refers to any type of data that does not have a pre-defined data model or format. This means that the data does not have a specific data structure, and is not easily searchable or analyzable using traditional methods. Unstructured data can come in many different forms, including text documents, images, videos, social media posts, and more. Because of the lack of structure, unstructured data can be difficult to work with and can pose challenges for organizations that need to analyze and extract insights from it. However, advances in data analytics and artificial intelligence have made it possible to extract valuable insights from unstructured data sources.

Uptime –Uptime refers to the amount of time that a system or service is operational and available to users. In the context of IT systems, uptime is an important metric for measuring the reliability and availability of a system. It is often expressed as a percentage of the total time that the system is expected to be operational, and is commonly used as a service level agreement (SLA) metric in IT outsourcing contracts. High uptime is desirable for critical systems that must be available to users at all times, such as web servers, email servers, and database servers.

Unified Monitoring –Unified monitoring refers to the practice of using a single tool or solution to monitor an IT infrastructure. This can include a variety of systems, such as servers, networks, applications, and databases. The goal of unified monitoring is to provide a comprehensive view of an organization’s IT environment, allowing for quicker problem resolution and better decision-making.

V

Vulnerability Scanning –Vulnerability scanning is a process of identifying security vulnerabilities in computer systems, networks, and applications. It involves the use of automated tools that perform a systematic scan of the target systems and identify any weaknesses or flaws that could be exploited by attackers. Vulnerability scanning can be used for both proactive and reactive security measures, such as identifying potential security risks before they are exploited or assessing the effectiveness of existing security controls.

Virus –A virus is a type of malicious software or malware that can infect a computer system or device and replicate itself by inserting its own code into other programs or files. When the infected program or file is executed, the virus code is also executed, allowing it to spread to other files or systems. Some viruses may also have harmful effects, such as deleting or corrupting files, stealing personal information, or using the infected system to launch attacks on other systems. Virus infections can be prevented or mitigated through the use of antivirus software, firewalls, and other security measures.

Virtualization –Virtualization is the creation of a virtual version of something, such as a server, operating system, storage device, or network resource. It involves the creation of a virtual environment that behaves like a physical environment, but is actually a software-based abstraction of the physical resources. Virtualization enables multiple operating systems or applications to run on a single physical machine, or server, by abstracting the hardware resources of the server and creating virtual resources that can be allocated to different operating systems or applications. This results in improved efficiency, flexibility, and scalability of IT resources, as well as reduced costs and better utilization of resources. There are several types of virtualization, including server virtualization, desktop virtualization, network virtualization, and storage virtualization.

VPN –VPN stands for Virtual Private Network. It is a technology that provides secure and private access to a network or the internet by encrypting and routing the network traffic through a secure tunnel over the internet.

VLAN –A VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) is a type of network architecture that allows network devices to be grouped together logically regardless of their physical location. In a VLAN, devices can communicate with each other as if they are on the same physical network, even if they are located in different areas of the network.

Validation –In the context of information security, validation is the process of checking whether a system, process, or application complies with a specific set of requirements or standards. It is an important step in the security lifecycle, as it helps to identify potential vulnerabilities and ensure that security controls are effective in mitigating risks.

Visualization –Visualization refers to the representation of data or information in a graphical or pictorial form to enhance the understanding of complex concepts or patterns. It can be used to analyze and understand large amounts of data, making it easier to identify trends, patterns, and relationships. Visualization can take many forms, including charts, graphs, diagrams, maps, and other visual aids. It is widely used in various fields, including science, engineering, medicine, finance, and business intelligence, to name a few. Effective visualization can help organizations make better decisions, communicate more effectively, and improve their overall performance.

Vector –In computer security, a vector refers to the method or path used by an attacker to gain unauthorized access or exploit a system or network. In other words, a vector is the way in which an attacker delivers or exploits a vulnerability in a system. For example, a common vector of attack is through email phishing, where an attacker tricks a user into clicking on a malicious link or downloading a malicious attachment. Another vector of attack is through unpatched software vulnerabilities or misconfigured network settings. By identifying the attack vectors used by an attacker, security professionals can better understand and defend against potential threats.

VoIP-VoIP stands for “Voice over Internet Protocol.” It is a technology that allows voice communication over the internet or other IP networks, instead of traditional phone lines. With VoIP, voice signals are converted into digital packets and transmitted over the internet or other IP networks. This allows for more efficient and cost-effective communication, as well as additional features like video conferencing, messaging, and file sharing. VoIP is used by both individuals and businesses and is increasingly becoming the standard for voice communication.

W

Web server –A web server is a software application that provides the ability to serve web pages and web content to users on the internet or on a local network. The web server listens for incoming requests from clients (web browsers) and responds by serving the requested resources, such as HTML, CSS, images, and other files. A web server can host one or more websites or web applications and can support various web technologies such as scripting languages, database connectivity, and other features that enable dynamic content generation. Common examples of web servers include Apache HTTP Server, Microsoft IIS, and Nginx.

Warchalking –Warchalking refers to a practice that involves marking physical locations with symbols or codes to indicate the availability of wireless internet access. The term “warchalking” was derived from the term “hobo code,” a set of symbols that hobos used to communicate with each other in the early 20th century. In the case of warchalking, individuals would use chalk or markers to draw symbols on sidewalks or walls in public areas to indicate the presence of a wireless access point. This practice became popular in the early days of wireless networking when access points were scarce, and people were looking for ways to access the internet for free. While warchalking is not as common today, the concept of marking public areas to indicate the availability of wireless networks has been replaced by apps that allow users to discover and connect to Wi-Fi networks.

Web of trust –The web of trust is a concept in cryptography and computer security that refers to a decentralized trust model used to establish the authenticity of digital identities. The web of trust model is based on a network of trust relationships between users, where each user can vouch for the authenticity of other users’ public keys. This is typically done by signing their public keys with their own private key, indicating that they trust the user associated with that key.

Windowing system –A windowing system is a graphical user interface (GUI) component of an operating system that allows the user to work with multiple applications or processes at the same time by displaying them in separate, resizable, and movable windows on the screen. The windowing system typically provides the user with standard GUI components such as menus, buttons, scrollbars, and dialog boxes to interact with the applications. Examples of windowing systems include Microsoft Windows, X Window System, and macOS Aqua. Windowing systems make it easier for users to multitask and work efficiently by enabling them to view and manipulate multiple windows simultaneously.

Wiretapping –Wiretapping refers to the interception of electronic communications, such as phone calls, email, or internet traffic, by an unauthorized third party. Wiretapping can be done for various reasons, including law enforcement, national security, corporate espionage, or personal gain. Wiretapping is often illegal without a court order or other lawful authority, and is considered a violation of privacy rights. In many jurisdictions, the use of wiretapping is strictly regulated by law, and requires a warrant or other legal authorization before it can be carried out.

X

XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) –Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) is a type of web vulnerability that occurs when an attacker injects malicious scripts (usually in the form of JavaScript) into web pages viewed by other users. This is typically achieved by inserting the malicious code into user input fields, comment sections, or other vulnerable parts of a website.

XDR (Extended Detection and Response) – Extended Detection and Response (XDR) is a security solution that expands on the capabilities of traditional Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) and Network Detection and Response (NDR) tools.

X.509 –X.509 is a standard for digital certificates, which are used to verify the identity of a user or device on a network. The X.509 standard is maintained by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and is widely used in applications such as secure email, web browsing, and virtual private networks (VPNs).

Y

Yara Rules –Yara rules are a powerful tool for detecting and classifying malware and other malicious code. Yara is a rule-based language that can be used to create custom signatures for detecting malware and other suspicious code. The Yara language uses a combination of regular expressions and boolean operators to match patterns in files, processes, and network traffic.

YubiKey –YubiKey is a hardware-based security device developed by Yubico that provides strong two-factor authentication, passwordless authentication, and secure encryption capabilities. The YubiKey generates one-time passwords and can be used as a second factor authentication in addition to a username and password, or it can be used for passwordless authentication. It can also be used to encrypt and sign emails and documents, and to authenticate to VPNs and other systems. The YubiKey supports various authentication protocols such as FIDO2, U2F, OTP, PIV, and OpenPGP, and can be used with a variety of systems and applications.

Yellowjacket –Yellowjacket is a type of wireless security device used to detect and prevent unauthorized access to Wi-Fi networks. It is commonly used in public places, such as airports and coffee shops, to provide additional security to the wireless networks offered by these locations. The Yellowjacket device is designed to identify and report on any unauthorized activity on the network, including attempts to intercept data or steal login credentials. It can also be used to block unauthorized access to the network and to prevent the spread of malware and viruses. The Yellowjacket is typically installed in conjunction with other security measures, such as firewalls and intrusion detection systems, to provide a comprehensive security solution for wireless networks.

Yellow Pages –Yellow Pages is a telephone directory of businesses, organized by category rather than alphabetically by business name. The name “Yellow Pages” comes from the yellow color of the paper that was traditionally used for these directories. The Yellow Pages contain the names, addresses, and phone numbers of businesses in a particular geographic area, and may also include additional information such as business hours, website addresses, and ratings and reviews from customers. With the rise of the internet, many Yellow Pages directories have migrated to online platforms, and some have been combined with other directories to form larger online business directories.

Z

Zero-Day Exploit –A zero-day exploit is a vulnerability or software bug that is unknown to the software vendor or the security community. This means that there is no patch or fix available, leaving the software or system open to attack. Attackers who discover a zero-day exploit can use it to gain unauthorized access to a system, steal data, or execute malicious code. Zero-day exploits are highly sought after and can be sold on the black market for large sums of money. The term “zero-day” refers to the fact that there are zero days between the discovery of the vulnerability and the first attack. Once the vulnerability becomes known, it is no longer a zero-day exploit, and software vendors can work to develop and distribute a patch to protect against it.

Zero-Trust Architecture –Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) is a security model that assumes no trust in any entity or system, regardless of its location, whether inside or outside an organization’s perimeter. In this model, all devices and users must be verified before access is granted to resources or data. ZTA takes into consideration the changing security landscape and is designed to ensure that only authorized users have access to critical applications and data.

Zone-Based Firewall –A zone-based firewall is a network security mechanism used to divide the network into different security zones and control traffic between them. It is designed to provide more granular control and protection compared to traditional packet filtering firewalls.

Zoom Security – Zoom is a popular video conferencing platform that has gained significant attention during the COVID-19 pandemic for facilitating remote work and distance learning. However, like any online platform, it also has security vulnerabilities that need to be addressed.

Zscaler –Zscaler is a cloud-based security platform that provides enterprise-level internet security for organizations. The platform offers a range of security services, including web security, cloud application security, and data protection. Zscaler’s security services are delivered through a global network of data centers, and the platform is designed to provide comprehensive security protection for users and data, regardless of their location or device. The platform uses advanced security technologies such as machine learning, AI, and behavioral analysis to detect and block threats in real-time. Zscaler’s cloud-based architecture enables organizations to implement security policies and controls globally, providing a unified approach to security management.

Zbot –Zbot, also known as ZeuS, is a type of malware that was first discovered in 2007. It is a Trojan horse that targets Windows computers and is primarily used for stealing financial information, such as login credentials and banking information. Zbot is often spread through phishing emails or drive-by downloads, and once it infects a system, it can remain undetected and continue to steal data. The malware has been used in several high-profile cyberattacks, and variants of the malware continue to evolve in order to evade detection by security software.

Zmap –ZMap is an open-source network scanner that is capable of scanning the entire IPv4 address space within minutes. It was created to help network researchers and operators better understand and secure their networks. ZMap works by sending a large number of probes to randomly selected IP addresses and collecting the responses. This data can be used to identify security vulnerabilities or to study the topology of the Internet. ZMap is also useful for identifying and measuring the adoption of new network protocols or services. It is commonly used for academic research, but it has also been used by security researchers to identify vulnerable hosts or devices on the Internet.

Zcash –Zcash is a cryptocurrency that provides enhanced privacy features compared to other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. It uses a zero-knowledge proof construction called a zk-SNARK (zero-knowledge succinct non-interactive argument of knowledge) to ensure that transactions are valid without revealing any information about the amount, the sender or the recipient. This allows for fully encrypted transactions to be conducted on the blockchain, providing increased privacy and anonymity to users. Zcash was launched in 2016 and is based on the Bitcoin codebase, with additional features added to improve privacy and security.

ZDI (Zero Day Initiative)-Zero Day Initiative (ZDI) is a vulnerability research and bug bounty program run by the global cybersecurity company, Trend Micro. The program focuses on identifying and reporting zero-day vulnerabilities, which are vulnerabilities that are unknown to the software vendor and therefore have no patch or fix available.

Zephyr – Zephyr is a real-time messaging system that was originally developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the late 1980s. It is used to send and receive messages between users who are logged into a common server or network. Zephyr was designed to be lightweight and fast, making it ideal for use in situations where near-instant communication is required. Zephyr is still in use today, particularly within academic institutions, although it has largely been replaced by newer messaging technologies in other settings.

Zimperium –Zimperium is a mobile security company that provides protection against advanced mobile threats to both individuals and organizations. The company offers a mobile threat defense platform that uses machine learning and artificial intelligence to detect and prevent mobile attacks such as malware, phishing, network attacks, and device compromise. The platform is designed to protect devices across all major mobile platforms, including iOS, Android, and Chrome OS. Zimperium’s customers include enterprises, government agencies, and service providers, and the company has been recognized by Gartner as a leader in the Mobile Threat Defense market.

Zimperium mobile security-Zimperium Mobile Security is a mobile threat defense (MTD) solution that provides continuous mobile threat detection and response capabilities to protect mobile devices, apps, and data. The solution is designed to detect and prevent mobile attacks and exploits, including malware, network attacks, and device vulnerabilities, in real-time. Zimperium Mobile Security uses machine learning models and behavioral analysis to detect advanced mobile threats that traditional security solutions might miss. The solution is available for Android and iOS devices and can be deployed on-premises or in the cloud.

ZERT (Zeroday Emergency Response Team) – ZERT (Zeroday Emergency Response Team) was a group of security researchers who collaborated to develop patches and workarounds for zero-day vulnerabilities. The group was active from 2004 to 2007 and was dissolved after a disagreement between its members. ZERT was known for its quick response to newly discovered zero-day vulnerabilities, and its members worked to develop patches and other mitigation strategies to protect users until the affected vendors could release official patches. The group’s work helped to raise awareness about the importance of vulnerability management and prompted many organizations to implement more proactive security measures.

Z-Wave-Z-Wave is a wireless communication protocol designed for home automation devices. It operates in the sub-gigahertz frequency range and uses low-power RF transmissions for communication between devices. Z-Wave was developed by a Danish company called Zen-Sys in 2001 and is currently managed by the Z-Wave Alliance, a consortium of more than 700 companies that work together to develop and promote the protocol.

Zebra Technologies – Zebra Technologies is a publicly traded company that specializes in producing and selling various types of hardware and software solutions that improve productivity, security, and accuracy in various industries. The company is based in Lincolnshire, Illinois, and was founded in 1969. Zebra Technologies offers a wide range of products, including barcode scanners, mobile computers, RFID readers, printers, and software for industries such as healthcare, retail, manufacturing, transportation, and logistics. The company’s solutions are designed to help businesses enhance visibility and efficiency throughout their operations, enabling them to make more informed decisions and improve customer satisfaction.

Zyxel –Zyxel is a multinational networking equipment manufacturer headquartered in Taiwan. The company specializes in producing a wide range of networking products such as routers, switches, firewalls, wireless access points, and network storage devices for small and medium-sized businesses, as well as home users. Zyxel was founded in 1989 and has since become a well-known brand in the networking industry, with a presence in over 150 countries. The company also offers software and cloud-based services, including network management and security solutions.

Z-Wave Alliance –The Z-Wave Alliance is a consortium of companies that develop and market products based on the Z-Wave wireless communication protocol. The alliance was founded in 2005 and is responsible for the development and promotion of the Z-Wave standard. The Z-Wave protocol is used for home automation and is designed to be low-power and low-bandwidth, making it ideal for use with battery-powered devices. The alliance has over 700 member companies, including technology providers, manufacturers, and service providers. The Z-Wave Alliance’s mission is to promote interoperability among Z-Wave devices and to provide a seamless user experience for consumers.

Z-Wave Plus –Z-Wave Plus is an advanced version of Z-Wave, a wireless communication protocol designed for home automation devices. Z-Wave Plus is an upgraded version of Z-Wave, and it is based on the previous version but comes with additional features, improved performance, and extended range. It features a longer battery life, faster data transfer rates, and increased range between devices. It also includes improved security features to protect against hacking and other security threats. Z-Wave Plus is backward compatible with Z-Wave devices, allowing both types of devices to be used together in a smart home network.

Z-Wave Security S2. –Z-Wave Security S2 is a security framework that provides an advanced level of security for Z-Wave networks. It is designed to prevent hackers and other unauthorized users from accessing and controlling Z-Wave devices in a network. Z-Wave Security S2 uses advanced cryptographic techniques, including Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) key exchange and AES-128 encryption, to secure Z-Wave communication between devices. The S2 framework also includes additional security features, such as device authentication and integrity protection, to ensure that only authorized devices can join a network and that the communication between devices is not tampered with.